Pest Analysis for market occupying Essay

Pest psycho abridgmentThe following pest analysis has been created for three markets separately. Pest analysis stands for political, economic, socio-cultural and technological environment. Use of the pest analysis guides our company to work according to the changes fetching place in these categories. merely good use of the analysis assist the company to avoid taking action that is condemned to failure from the outset, for reason beyond its control. The following is a pest analysis created for the market occupying Dubai and capital of the United Kingdom.Socio-cultural there is vast cultural difference in regard to locals in these countries. Both the countries population consists of various other nationalities. Dubai and capital of the United Kingdom has tolerance of other religions and burnish. Population density capital of the United Kingdom (12,450/sq mi (4,807/km2), Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi). semipoliticalLegal and regulative bodiesBoth the countries share strict aviati on ground regulation and laws. Regulatory clay for capital of the United Kingdom CAA (civil aviation authority) Regulatory body for Dubai DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority) There is no such political appointment in this market, which makes business between these two countries quite versatile. foodstuff Dubai and capital of the United KingdomEconomicalcapital of the United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) increased 0.8 per penny Dubai finance official predicts the UAE economy will top US$272 million (S$361 billion)- 2010 Foreign exchange market Pound sterling- 12.9% (daily share). Londons largest assiduity is finance. Tourism is one of Londons prime industries. Dubai is also an external financial centre and has been ranked 37th.TechnologicalDubais industry egression had given way for technological advancement. Use oftechnology has increased London based companies in Dubai. London has various companies advising on the use of pertly technologies to oth er companies. Airlines based in Dubai use advanced technology to moderate their businesses in London and Hong Kong.Pest analysis occupying the market in Dubai and Hong KongSocio-culturalHong Kong the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. Dubai Dubai is a highly cosmopolitan society with a different and vibrant culture. Honk Kong Population density 6480/km216,576/sq mi. Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi).Dubai and Hong Kong has an established business link, which is an receipts to the aviation industry.PoliticalLegal and regulative bodiesDubais aviation regulatory body DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority), Hong Kong Civil Aviation Administration of China. administration of Hong Kong Non-sovereign partial democracy with unelected executive. Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law customs duty established under British rule. Dubai and Hong Kong has no existing political conflicts.Market Dubai and Hong KongEconomicalHong Kong an important centre for international finance and trade. Hong Kong dollar 2.4% (daily share)Hong Kong GDP growth rate economy is expected to grow 5 part in 2010, may shrink 2 percent this year. Unemployment 4.3% (July 2010). Main exports partners China, US and Japan.TechnologicalDubais industry growth has given way for technological advancement. The Innovation and applied science Commission (ITC) in Hong Kong supports appliedresearch and breeding (R&D) and technology ship and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and complaisant development.Pest analysis for market occupying in London and Hong KongSocio-culturalHong Kong the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city. London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Social trend (London and Hong Kong) course oriented, working clas s, low level of death rate.TechnologicalThe Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC) in Hong Kong supports applied research and development (R&D) and technology transfer and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and social development. London has a vibrant and growing IT sector. The region boasts over 350 companies with about 8000 employees.EconomicalThe Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the 6th largest in the world. London is a major financial centre for international business and commerce. Public debt London 68.5% of GDP (2009 est.). Hong Kong 14.5% of GDP (2008 est.) Labor forceHong Kong 3.64 million (2007 est.)London barbarian unemployment rate fell from 8.9% to 8.6%. (2010)Market London and Hong KongPoliticalLegal and regulatory bodiesHong Kong Civil Aviation Administration of China. London CAA (civil aviation authority) Hong Kong follows a bare trade policy and hencemaintains basically no barriers on trade. There a re various laws and regulations implied on businesses being set up in London, even for trading as well.

Extra Curriculum Activities Essay

An ideal school requirement more subject options such(prenominal) as drama, art and musicto stick out at all levels. The school works provided to students by teachers have their experience academic importance, Nevertheless that alone does not fulfil the schooling and encyclopedism requirements and standards. In some schools, the educational systems are only based upon wintry set of courses that excludes purposeless computer program activities, causing insufficient or restrictiveness for the students comprehension skills and imaginations.Although it is believed that todays schools have the outgo education system including extra syllabus activities, it is yet underestimated in umpteen schools. These activities will bring many benefits to students. Involving students to participate in extra curriculum activities is very distinguished in helping them to develop many skills such as working and social skills. Of course, while there are in spades a large amount of benefits to ex tra curriculum activities for students, there inescapably to be a balance between that and school work.Getting pertain in a few different activities is a great excerption to improve various skills and attitudes, and is definitely beneficial in all aspects, yet too many activities nooky result in students having academic problems and more. Therefore, it is important for students to set some limits in being involved in extra curriculum activities. Also not every student is a half-baked scientist or a mathematician, so these extra subject choices give students a chance to develop skills in particular areas they are well in.Students go over about long term burdenments when they are involved in outside activities as well, which is an some other excellent benefit. When they join one of the activities or clubs, they commit themselves to that activity for a period of time. Learning to take on commitments is important, and these activities can teach students this important lesson. M any times, being involved in adulterous activities helps to raise the egotism esteem of teens. There are many teens that line up worthless or that there is nothing they are good at.Teens struggle with self esteem, and these activities are a way that they can build self esteem. Everyone wants to find something that they are really good at, and outside activities provide them with a way that they can get involved in something and really shine, grownup their self esteem a boost. Getting involved in extracurricular activities also allows students to get involved in various interests. It is important for students to be very diverse in their interests. These activities allow them to explore a set forth of interests that they may have.Students should be allowed to take another step forward and be competent to explore the world of art and music and to be able to nurture their talent and explore their own potential in other areas. There are numerous advantages for students to partici pate in extra curriculum activities. Therefore schools should be encouraged to involve students in these activities that increase the students self-worth, talent to think creatively, emotional understanding, social networks and overall increase their academic performances. With so many benefits and advantages, how can schools exclude extra Curriculum Activities?

Not Only The Jews

The first look into in the recently 1940 s and early 1950s focused on the Jewishness of the final solution. Modern research has begun to deal with the suddering of different victims of the Nazi genocide. For example, homoerotics, Gypsies, pris integrityrs of war, Russians, poles, Catholic priests, Jehovah s Witnesses and other were more than(prenominal) or less systematic whollyy murdered as the Holocaust coverd. By the end of the war, as many as 6 meg of these people had been killed, along with surrounded by 5 to 6 million Jews. gypsy (Gypsies) were among the groups singled step to the fore on racial grounds for persecution by the Nazi regime and most of its allies.The Nazis judged itinerant to be racially inferior, and the fate of Roma in some ways paralleled that of the Jews. Roma were subjected to internment, forced labor, and massacre. They were overly subject to transport to liquidation cantonmenting grounds. Mobile killing units killed tens of thousands of R oma in the German-occupied eastern territories. Further, thousands were killed in the Auschwitz-Birkenau, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka extermination camps. The Nazis also incarcerated thousands of Roma in the Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthausen, and Ravensbrueck concentration camps.There were thus far several deportations of Roma. About 2,500 Roma were deported to Poland in April and May 1940. Most of them were famished and worked to death. Those who fell sick or became crippled were shot. A nonher 5,000 Roma were deported to Lodz, where they were held in a separate area within the Lodz ghetto. Those who survived the horrible conditions in the Lodz ghetto were afterwards deported from the ghetto to the Chelmno extermination camp, where they were killed in gas vans. Roma in Germany were deported to Auschwitz, where a additional camp was designated for them in Auschwitz. Gypsy family camp. Entire families were incarcerated together. Twins and dw arves, however, were separated out and subjected to medical experiments under SS Captain Dr. Josef Mengele. Nazi physicians also used gypsy prisoners in medical experiments at the Ravensbrueck, Natzweiler-Struthof, and Sachsenhausen camps. In German-occupied areas of Europe, the fate of Roma varied from country to country, depending on local circumstances. The Nazis generally interned Roma and later transported them to Germany or Poland for use as forced laborers or to be killed.Many Roma from Poland, the Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Albania were shot or were deported to extermination camps and killed. In the Baltic renders and the German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union, agile killing units killed Roma at the same time that they killed Jews and Communist leaders. Thousands of itinerant men, women, and children were killed in these actions. Many Roma were shot along with Jews at Babi Yar, nigh Kiev, for example. The Gypsy family camp at Auschwitz was riddled with epidemicstyphus, smallpox, and dy moveerywhich severely reduced the camp population.In May 1944, the Germans decided to liquidate the camp. As the SS surrounded the camp, they were met by Roma armed with iron pipes and the same(p). The Germans retreated and postponed the liquidation. Later that same month, the SS transferred some 1,500 Roma who were still cap adapted of work out of the family camp. Almost 1,500 more were transferred in August. The remaining Roma, about 3,000, were killed. At least 19,000 of the 23,000 Roma move to Auschwitz died there. It is non known precisely how many Roma were killed in the Holocaust. eyepatch exact figures or percentages cannot be ascertained, people estimate that the Germans and their allies killed between 25 and 50 percent of all European Roma. Of the approximately one million Roma living in Europe before the war, up to 220,000 were killed. After the war, discrimination against Roma continued as the national land of Germany decided that all measures taken against Roma before 1943 were legitimate policies of state and were not subject to restitution. Historians in Germany argue about how universal the historic character of national cordialism was.One conservative faction would like to view the communist system as responsible for fascism. Because Marxism was victorious in Russia, the Fascist parties were able to win in Italy and Germany. This speculation claims that the destruction of social class distinctions by the Bolsheviks prepared the way for racial murders of the Nazis. The extermination of the Jews is presented as a distorted copy of a previous model, rather than as a unique occurrence. Other social scientists have protested against viewing Nazi crimes in such a relativistic way.They see an aura of normalcy being created and fear that the basic anti fascist consensus in the Federal republic might end. They are also apprehensive about the relation to current politics and warn against a restoration by core of history. Extermination or Reeducation? The concentration camp was one weapon in the campaign to bring state and family into conformity with fascism. If physical extermination formed the most frightful instrument of that policy, it was not the only one. A range of attempts were made to isolate people and to use fear to mortify undesirable behavior. Whatever the reasons for imprisonment, all ncarcerations were the result of Nazi ideology and be a danger to the prisoners life.The categories of prisoners differed from one another in how they were selected and treated. Those groups whom the Nazis deemed inimical but not racially undesirable were not entirely rounded up, but taken only in random samples They also fared differently within the camps. Homosexuals, political prisoners, and Jehovahs Witnesses are among the groups who were sent to the concentration camps for reeducation. They were supposed to renounce their particular orientation. The very fact of their enslavement estrained their ideological comrades outside the camps from becoming active in the struggle against Nazism. elected freedom makes pluralism possible. In democracies, deviations from the norm concern not only delinquency but also sexuality, ethnicity, religion, and attitudes toward work. The Nazi system was concerned with deviations in all these areas. It classified political, sexual, religious, and working-attitude deviations in separate categories. In all probability, the Hitler state postulate these definitions of the enemy and was, in its own terms, correct in its choice of these groups. deep down a society, minority and separation groups represent a seedbed of possible revolt. homosexualism has always and everywhere existed. Hitler considered homosexuality as a predisposition that could not be changed. It was assumed that a homosexual orientation could not be eliminated, that only its manifestations could be blocked. Thus, the pink triplicity worn by the homosexual in the co ncentration camp represented the Nazis intention to reeducate him. No doctrine was placed in a simple change of opinion by homosexuals, such as was granted to Jehovahs Witnesses, who were not taken entirely seriously, or even to political prisoners.Two categories were seen among homosexuals the constitutionally enured homosexual and the occasional offender. Since in neither case was the Aryan locating of the homosexual in doubt, all could remain alive. If necessary, homosexuals were to be castrated, but they were permitted to continue to work. As a matter of policy, extermination was therefore restrained. In habituate there were other contrary impulses on the part of the SS, and those who wore the pink triangle met an unusually harsh fate.The social controls directed at homosexuals within the camp represented a continuation and an intensification of social controls imposed by society at large. A nation with many children can gain subordination and mastery of the world. A pure ra ce with few children already as one foot in the grave in fifty or a hundred years it will be of no implication in two hundred years it will be extinct. It is essential to realize that if we allow this infection to continue in Germany without being able to fight it, it will be the end of Germany, of the Germanic world.Unfortunately this is not the simple matter it was for our forefathers. For them, the few isolated cases were simply abnormalities they drowned them in bogs. Those who anchor bodies in the mire did not know that in 90% of the cases they strand themselves face to face with a homosexual who had been drowned with all his belongings. This was not punishment, more the simple elimination of this particular abnormality. It is vital we rid ourselves of them like crapper we must pull them up, throw them on the fire and burn them. This is not out of a spirit of vengeance, but of necessity these creatures must be exterminated.

Racial Compare and Contrast

Many polar cultures and races faced hardships just because they were a certain devotion or nationality. They have been punished time and time again for no apparent reason. We have seen umpteen instances of this throughout history. Specifically I depart touch on the holocaust and the Japanese American internment. I am going to compare and contrast the two stories, Night by Elie Wiesel and valedictory to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston. These are two stories that are very alike but still have many differences. There are some in the midst of these two stories.You could start with the fact that in both, the main character is a child whose family is forcibly moved from its home to a restricted and enfold area due to an official government policy of discrimination against the familys heathenish group. In both stories, family members are separated, many hardships are endured, persons struggle to picture why this is happening to them and how to maintain their identity in the f ace of the dehumanizing conditions in which they are being held. Both stories contain many elements show the emotions of crushing and separation.In both cases, the narrator of the story survives and becomes a spokesperson for all who were in the camps in later years. There are also many differences amongst the two stories. The specific ethnic and religious backgrounds of the subject persons are often different. One is Japanese and the other is Jewish. Many of the Jews are killed and annihilated by the German Nazis, whereas many of the Japanese were allowed to return to life in the popular society of the United States after the war was ended.The types of activities undertaken by the persons in the different camps are very different, reflecting the differing attitudes toward the camps residents by the governments of the United States and of Germany. The oppression of people has been seen many times and history and should not be taken lightly. We have to uplift from our past mista kes. We can use the perspective of these authors to learn from the mistakes of the human race. around of the time we only see the outside of situations, but these stories let us see the interior perspective of the situation.

Tcs Environmental Policy

Environmental indemnity of TCS Commitment to the surroundings stems from the Tata Groups abiding concern for the surround and society, which is embodied in the Tata Code of Conduct. The Tata Group considers climate change to be the greatest threat affecting economic stability, vulnerable communities and the society at large. The Tata Groups Climate Change Policy mandates that alone stem companies assume leadership roles in climate change mitigation in the pursuit of business aspirations and enhancement of sh arholder value.In the business of providing IT services, business solutions and outsourcing. Our environsal impacts result from our business trading operations glob anyy and by dint of the services and solutions that we stand our customers with. True to the Tata spirit, TCS regards climate change mitigation and milieual improvement as essential features of its sustainable business philosophy.We be committed to sustainedly benchmarking and enhancing our deliver envi ronmental procedure through the reduction of our carbon and ecological footprints with the fight of our business associates and partners, therebystriving to be leaders in our labor sector. Through our services and solutions, we endeavor to help customers improve their environmental instruction execution toward their sustainability objectives.Aim to fulfillour environmental commitments through the following broad-level actions * Integrate energy and environmental considerations in the design of new infrastructural facilities * Improve choice efficiency in operations, especially for key re citations such as energy and water * buy out the 3-R (reduce, reuse and recycle) philosophy for all types of wastes toward prevention of pollution and dispose of needed wastes, especially electronic waste, in line with regulatory requirements or manufacture best practices * Promote green procural to the maximum extremity potential drop * Consider stakeholder expectations on our environment al performance in the design of infrastructure, operations, processes and solutions to the extent feasible *Set, monitor and review objectives and targets on an ongoing basis toward achieving continuous improvement in environmental performance and the overall environmental instruction system * Remain committed to complying with all the applicable environmental and related to legal and other requirements and, wherever feasible, enhance the prescribed standards in all the countries that we perate out of * Continue public reportage of our environmental performance and our voice to climate change-related issues through relevant national and international forums and to other stakeholders through take into account communication channels * Communicate the environmental policy to all employees, business associates and other stakeholders and run into that the policy is uncommitted to the public * critique the environmental policy and allied management systems periodically to ensure the ir go along applicability and relevance to our operations and evolving stakeholder expectations * Strive to support various instinctive national and international protocols, conventions and agreements on environment protection and proactively engage with political and other agencies in driving future environmental policy and legislation At TCS, concern for the environment is integral to our business strategy toward sustainability, and we shall deform to fulfill all our environmental obligations and commitments toward being responsible global incorporate citizens.TCS embodies the Tata groups philosophy of building strong sustainable businesses that are firmly rooted in the community and demonstrate care for the environment. The elements that install for strong corporate sustainability at TCS include the following * A fair, absolute and value-driven corporate governance * A strong strategy for longer-term business maturement * Best-in-class HR processes * Initiatives for com munity betterment * Our stewardship of the environment Green procurement PolicyAs a part ofthe ongoing commitment to improve the environment, this policy seeks to reduce the environment impacts of our operations and boost sustainable development by the integration of environment performance considerations in the procurance process. committedto theintegration of environment performance considerations in the procurement process including planning, acquisition, use and disposal. TCS is committed to considering the environmental aspects, potential impactsand costs, associated with the life cycle assessment of goods and services being acquired. This calls for conscious moves crosswise TCS in the following areas 1.Reduce, Reuse and Recycle TCS is committed to reducing resource consumption and minimizing waste while considering the life-cycle costs of products. We seek to implement the power structure of cullence to reduce, reuse and recycle resources throughout the procurement activi ty. 2. Buy Recycled We are committed to buying recycled/part-recycled products to optimize consumption and stimulate demand for recycled products, promoting the appealingness and reprocessing of waste and working toward zero discharge to the landfill. 3. Green the Supply range of mountains We hope to maximize the benefits by encouragingour supplier/vendors to adopt TCS environment practices.We endeavor to undertake procurement activities with suppliers who share TCS values. We will actively promote the green procurement policythroughoutour supply chain to ensure selectionthat has minimum environmental impact. Green Procurement Green procurement or environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP) is the practice of procuring products and services that are little harmful to the environment (land, air and water) and all species including humans that wait on environment for survival. Green products are those that are made with less harmful materials or which when produced orused/consumed would have a minimum impacton the environment.Listed below are a few ways through which we aim to integrate the green procurement policy with the TCS environment policy. 1. TCS shall encourage and prefer eco-friendly products, which are to a greater extent power efficient. 2. TCS shall prefer to procure from a sourcethat is less polluting or uses clean technology. 3. TCS shall encourage and prefer vendors who use recycled packaging material. The possibilities of further reuse and/or recycling shall be explored with the user or the administration department. 4. For software products, as far as accomplishable and to the extent feasible, the preferred mode of delivery shall be through the electronic method (download). A host is proposed to be deployedthat would host the to the highest degree commonly required software.Instead of burning CDs, secured access would be made available to the respective project team to download the product from this common server. 5. The IPDshall coo k up efforts to recycle material from old sites to the practically possible extent. Focus Areas * Promoting procurement from Energy Star Partners * Procurement of low-energy consumption desktop configuration * Procurement of laser printers with GREEN functionality * Procurement of servers with low voltage CPUs and low-wattage storages * Procurement of server racks with efficient cooling systems * Eco-friendly procurement considerations for infrastructure and development * Eco-friendly procurement considerations for consumables wasteland REDUCTION POLICYAt TCS, they are committed to reducing the environmental impact ofour operations through appropriate ongoing material management. This calls for a conscious effort across TCS in the following areas Reduction of waste at sourceAll delivery centers and offices must manage operations to reduce the beat or toxicity of waste produced. Such measures include, but are non limited to the following * Printing reports and documents, whenever possible, on both sides of the paper * update mailing and distribution lists periodically to avoid overrun use of e-mail whenever appropriate * Giving preferential purchasing consideration to products that are reusable, refillable, repairable, more durable, less toxic, recyclable and which avoid excess packaging.Reuse of material wherever possibleAll products and materials must be reused wherever possible. * RecyclingIt is the responsibility of any associate to separate identified recyclable materials and place them in appropriate recycling containers. Office paper, corrugated cardboard and aluminum beverage cans must always be recycled in the appropriately marked container. Other materials are to be recycled whenever feasible and wherever containers are provided. Reuse is preferable to recycling. * buy products with recycled contentAll offices across TCS must purchase and use products construct from recycled materials whenever feasible. In particular, recycled paper products mu st be used.It is important that all recycled purchases be reported to the Admin/Purchase Department across TCS for record keeping and reporting purposes In addition to the specific efforts mentioned above, all delivery centers and offices are encourage to designate one associate as a Recycling reminder who will serve as liaison to Head Health precaution Environment. TCS E-Waste Management Policy Tata Consultancy Services, being an IT-centric organization, contributesmajorly to global electronic waste. Reaffirming our commitment to environmental protection, and in accordance with the stringent standards we set ourselves, the eWaste Management Policy reflects our objectives and practices toward this end.

Two Themes Report

Personality Deferent people have deferent personality. As we sackt find two pieces of leaves argon the same In the world. And these personality or character will conduct Influence the career selection in the further. In my opinion, some parts of personality were decided by nature, plainly some was not. But we have to know, In the formation of character, acquired factors also behave an Important role. For example conscientiousness whitethorn effected by nurture. jibe to self-assessment, I rig that I am tending an extroversion and conscientiousness In my personality.I found that the formation of my character has positive relationship with my didactics background. As structure autobiography shows that I finished high civilise In China. Extroversion and conscientiousness of people was easier to success in bullnecked competitive environment. Moreover, as this character, I was more focus on expression. And I hope that I domiciliate become the center of attention in the workplac e. That cause me get high score of exhibition and leadership in Work Value Inventory. Theme two Behavior In my opinion, behaviors like a mirror that can direct reflect self-thinking.And behaviors also can reflect self-requirement and locus of control in our life. When I was child, I found that I was really like to watch the talk show on TV, and I really enjoy the people who share the success experiences for their life. This following lead me know that success cannot without self-effort. According to my task of Locus of Control, I found that I was believed internal locus control which the person believes they can control their life (Rooter, 1996). Furthermore, this self- requirement in somewhat ways influences my life. I prefer to make a good impression for everyone, and voiding being evaluated unfavorable.That has direct reflected on my score of Fear of Negative Evaluation. By GHz-Hyaline diametrical people have different personality. As we cant find two pieces of leaves are th e same in the world. And these personality or character will direct influence the by nature, but some was not. But we have to know, in the formation of character, acquired factors also play an important role. For example conscientiousness may extroversion and conscientiousness in my personality. I found that the formation of autobiography shows that I finished high school in China.

Martin King and Henry Thoreau Essay

Martin powerfulness and Henry Thoreau both(prenominal) write cogent expositions that oppose majority ideals and justify their suffer causes. dapple this similarity is clear, the two essays, Letters from Birmingham Jail by office and elegant Disobedience by Thoreau, do have their fair share of differences. in the main in the causes themselves, as King persuades white, southern clergy men that segregation is an diabolical, unsporting law that should be defeated through the agitation of direct protesting, and Thoreau, committal to writing to a more broad, non addressed audience, and focusing more on the organization itself, contends that at its present state, with the war with Mexico and the institution of slavery, that one should do as he does and refuse to pay government taxes that support such evil practices or traditions.While both Thoreau and King prevail in establishing a firm impression for what they strongly believe in, they each succeed in their persuasive efforts through different means. Chiefly, in the way that King draws wound up magic spell with the usage of a burning passion and devotion, and Thoreau, while lifelessness making it evident that he is devoted in what he believes in, draws more delirious appeal through being more distressed and touch than naively hopeful and optimistic. However, similarities remain to be as numerous as differences as both Thoreau and King bring credibility or good appeal to their assays essentially with allusions to Christ and the Bible.First, Kings perceptional appeal is what above all contrasts his essay with Thoreaus. As virtually everything else the theme of disobeying cheating(prenominal) laws, their admiration for the minoritys viewpoint, and even, coincidently, where they wrote their essays prison, is all the homogeneous. King makes two references to conversations shared with his children. Once with his little girl who wants to go to the public amusement special K and is quickly developing tears in her eyes as her bewilder has to sadly explain the reality that black children arent allowed in Funtown. quickly once again, King refers to being forced to somehow concoct an satisfactory answer to his five year rare sons capitulum why do white tidy sum treat colored people so mean?. King does not stop there with his mogul to throw his readers into the harsh persisted up realities that he had to face.While answering the same question of why we cant wait in regards to protesting, King refers to the tragic sadness of how his wife and mother are almost neer granted with the respectable title of Mrs and how his own name has virtually been change from Martin Luther King to Nigger Boy John in the heartland of discrimination in the South. The rhetorical use of detail is Kings second segment that he takes advantage of to draw such tremendous, exactly necessary feelingal appeal.With his despairing response to the clergy mens appraisal of the policemens susceptibility to maintain peace and order when he asserts with great detail that possibly they wouldnt be so warmly supportive if they would have been in the streets to witness the police slapping Negro men and boys with sticks and pushing and cursing old Negro women and girls in such a cold-hearted and cruel fashion. Furthermore, Kings account of what the South would be like if blacks sided more with the Black Nationalists than himself brings emotion to all that contemplate his perception of streets flowing with blood during the central conviction of the otherwise inevitable racial nightmare.Thoreau, on the other hand, never consents to disclosure such frightful nightmares and makes only one brief reference to his children. Instead, Thoreau draws emotional appeal through cosmosy different techniques in the art of persuasive writing. Most predominantly, with despaired and concerning rhetorical questions such as when he asks near formal governments viewpoint on great men, why does it of all ti me crucify Christ and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther, and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels?. And again when he provokes the question of how men assert their grievances when he asks How can a man be satisfied to entertain and opinion merely and enjoy it?.As stated above, Thoreau and Kings great persuasive similarity is in the way they give their essays ethical appeal. They both repetitiously make use to references of the Bible. King first asserts that he is in Birmingham for the same reason that the Apostle Paul remaining his village of Tarsus and carried the Gospel of rescuer. Once again, in comparing his civil noncompliance to that of Shadrack, Meshack, and Abednego when they refused to obey the worship laws of Nebucadnesser. Finally King affirms to not being anger by the criticism of being called an extremist by the thought of how some(prenominal) great extremists there where in the past, such as Abe Lincoln, MartinLuther, and Jesus Christ.Thoreau in the very sam e manner and with many of the same figures, continues with his own set of biblical allusions. He subscribes to the verse of Christ and the Herodians when they ask him about his stance on taxes and Christ replies to give Caesar what is Caesars, and to give idol what is Gods. And then, more broadly, Thoreau poses the question of why after eighteen hundred historic period of being written, no legislator in America or anywhere else has interpreted advantage of the science of legislation revealed in the New Testament.In conclusion, both Thoreau and King succeed in establishing their points on the benefits of civil disobedience. I know that King does succeed farther with his inclusion of more passionate emotion and easier to understand, heartfelt metaphors. Though it is debatable that the scientific and matter of fact shadow Thoreau uses ultimately make his case more credible by establishing his work as not only a great personal exposition, but also a considerable scientific expositio n that could be considered among the ranks of doubting Thomas Paines Common Sense or even Machiavellis The Prince.

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

home(a) Council of T separatelyers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards Website Lesson Plans Edwina Schweitzer Grand Canyon University EED 364 November 25, 2012 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) is a council that has zeal in place standards that ar to be followed and adhered to when creating mathematical littleon excogitations. These standards are interior(a) and require a lot of the schoolers as far as what and how they teach math. While there are many a(prenominal) choices of lesson thinks that support the standards found by the NCTM regarding number sense and trading operations, only four will be utilise to fulfill the following criteria. . Four lesson plans were chosen to illustrate the support of the NCTM standards A. Problem- resolve Math, occurrence 1, ( husking Education, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps learners understand the wideness of numbers. In this lesson the objectives are to orient the students the importance of numbers in math, a nd march examples of how they are used in everyday life. The students start out by watching the video, Problem-solving Math, episode 1, and consequently talking about all of the numbers that they see in the schoolroom, such(prenominal) as the numbers on a clock or how many paint brushes or windows there are.The students are then(prenominal) asked to imagine a world without numbers and give ideas of how things would be various. They are then asked to keep down examples of how they have used numbers, such as dividing candy among friends, existence first in line, or cosmos measured at the doctor. They are then asked to share these examples with the class and post them as a varan of the importance of numbers in their everyday lives. B.Activity 3 Exploring the effect of operations on tenfolds, (Illuminations, 2000-2012) is a lesson plan that gives students the opportunity to explore the effects of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and section on decimal numbers. This les son provides a Maze Playing Board carpenters plane that allows students to play a game while making their way by dint of the maze. The object of the maze is to give the sack the maze with the highest decimal number. Examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimal numbers are shown on an overhead projector for the students to see as a visual aid.This activity requires the use of the figurer, which provides practice employ a calculator while having recreation with a maze. The students are then flummox into groups of three to discuss their results. C. Ill divide sto a greater extent please (Jackson, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that uses fractions to elucidate riddles provided in a PBS episode of Cyberchase, authorise Zeus on the Loose. The students watch the episode and then use fractions to solve the riddles while controling the parts of the fractions and their importance in everyday life.There is a handout that is included with the lesson plan and a list of materials, including smores ingredients, galactic numbers and a bar of paper cut out for fractional use. D. Life is Full of Problems, (Young, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps students make up ones mind how to read, interpret, and devise a solution to math problems. This lesson requires the use of noetic solving, paper and pencil, and calculator usage. The students learn to double check their answers for correct procedures and solutions. There are several ideas listed in this lesson plan that whitethorn fit into any diverse classroom.This is a lesson plan that is particularly undecomposed for encouraging mental solving of mathematic equations. While the mental solving is attempted first, they may check their mental answers by work the problem out on paper, then double checking themselves with the calculator. This incorporates three diametric means of problem solving, and not only teaches the importance of mental capabilities, it enables the students to finish with the use of calculators. 2. The methodology of number sense is used in each of the lesson plans in various ways. Problem-solving Math, episode 1, (Discovery Education, n. . ) includes a vocabulary list that the others do not. Vocabulary is an integral part of developing the skills and conceits necessary to explain solutions to problems, (Camelot Learning, n. d. ). all of the lessons use number importance and provide activities to enhance this importance. Even though whatever of these activities may not have vocabulary language to surveil the lesson, they could be incorporated into them. If the higher pocks already know the vocabulary words for the lessons being taught, they could be a refresher so that the students did not go out them. 3.The activities that were included in these lesson plans include mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals and fractions. Calculators are used in two of the activities, and the importance of the use of numbers is emphasized in all activities. Problem solving techniques are given as examples and the students are encouraged to improve on them through the completion of the activities. One lesson plan even includes a Smores snack in the activity. Students would not only get to work with Smores, but eat them afterwards 4.These websites are appropriate for K-5th grade students, depending upon the lesson being taught and the extent to which the teacher would like to instruct it. All of the lesson plans are pliable for students, but grades 3-6 seemed to be the best to benefit from them as they are listed. A couple of the lesson plans included variations that could be made simpler or more difficult, depending upon the grade and needed difficulty level. This variation in difficulty is also good for the differentiation of the students. 5. The lesson plans all provided ideas for differentiated instruction.These were also ideas that could be used for different grade levels, dependi ng upon how in-depth the teacher wanted to go. Small groups were assigned to discuss the results of well-nigh of the activities. This could be helpful with those students that have greater challenges and may struggle with their activities. many of these activities could be made partner activities to help ELL students or those that may pass to be slower academically. 6. These lesson plans are distinguished to the students intellect of mathematics because all of the lesson plans contained vital knowledge of the importance of numbers in everyday life.The students need to learn the components of these lessons to be successful at anything in life, as they are basic but important components. All of these lessons show the students how numbers surround them and that without numbers their world would not be the equal at all. They constantly use numbers on a free-and-easy basis, right down to their phone number, address, age, size of clothes, and how tall they are. By providing the exa mples of this and then providing the opportunity for hands on activities to illustrate this importance, the students may be less likely to make the comments, Why do I have to learn this? I will never use this 7. The activities within the lesson plans could improve student achievement by providing the visual, hands on activities necessary for student concord and growth. By allowing the students to participate in the activities and have fun, they will remember the concept being taught better because they have witnessed how important it is and have learned by the fun activities provided. The success of the students can be far greater when they are allowed to participate in hands on activities as opposed to scarce being lectured on a particular concept. It is always easier to remember something when you had fun doing it.This principle is the same with lessons. The more opportunities for the students to do activities or games that pertain to the lesson, the better chance the students have to remember the concept being taught. This is only a success builder in academics. 8. Manipulatives were used in all of these lessons to some extent. The Problem-solving Math, Episode 1 lesson plan could use a few more ideas for manipulative use. Where the students were asked to look around the classroom and find things that contained numbers, they could choose items from the classroom to total one to ten items.This could be done by calculation out one book, two sheets of paper, three markers, four crayons, etc. Manipulatives may be changed or increased in any of the lesson plans, depending upon the teacher and how he/she chooses to provide them. The four lesson plans that were chosen and described all adhere to the standards set in place by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Each lesson plan had the NCTM link or listed standards included in the body of the lesson plans. These standards are important for teachers to be aware of and use when creating lesson plans for mathematic instruction.By having these standards set in place and using them, all of the students will have the same emphasis and importance put on number sense and operations, regardless of grade level or school. Reference Camelot Learning. (n. d. ). Camelot learning math intervention curriculum. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. camelotlearning. com/why-camelot/methodology. Discovery Education. (n. d. ). Problem-solving Math, episode 1. Discovery education. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. discoveryeducation. com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/problem-solving-math-episode-1. cfmIlluminations. (2000-2012). Activity 3 Exploring the effect of operations on decimals. Illuminations. Retrieved November 24, 2012 from http//illuminations. nctm. org/LessonDetail. aspx? id=L252. Jackson, C. (n. d. ). Ill halve smore please National teacher training institute. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. thirteen. org/edonline/ntti/resources/lessons/m_half/index. h ypertext markup language Young, K. (n. d. ). Life is full of problems. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. learningpt. org/pdfs/mscLessonPlans/young. pdf National Council of Teachers Page 2

Aspects of Meaning

Jubayr zakariyya Aspects of entertaining designation 1 The experiment that has been conducted, and written about in the paper The delegation of polysemous dustup, by Devorah Klein and Gregory potato, endeavours to uncover the degrees to which different senses of polysemous words intent the same or diverse kind of representations. Whilst homonyms from a linguistic perspective, are groups of words that share the same orthographical and phonological characteristics, yet do not share the same semantic meaning.There are a number of conjectural perspectives pertaining to the settle cause of how two separate word meanings are able-bodied to converge on the same phonological representation, or how a oneness word is able to separate into diverse and separate semantic meanings. barely the term polysemy refers to something that is intrinsically more complex, and as Klein and Murphy have storied in their paper, more problematical in terms of defining its root source and in which way s are the senses related and correspond.What Klein and Murphy mean by this, and have studied in this paper, is the process in which words semantically relate to one another, through a process of extension. provided unlike homonyms, polysemous words do not have lexically separate meanings, which leads to the questions of whether polysemous words have a single represented sense that back tooth be accounted for every use of a word, how can they be linked in memory, and how are they co-ordinated in processing. Klein and Murphy pattern to provide data that will constrain accounts of the representation and processing of polysemy(Klein and Murphy (2001)).The first experiment that was conducted entailed the use of memory performance in bon ton to measure the representation of polysemous senses. it was particularly looking at whether citizenry were more familiar with a same sense or a different sense than the original presentation given(p). the results showed that same phrase items we re the approximately precisely evaluated, which was followed by the consistent sense phrases. The inconsistent sense phrases were the more or less error prone. Klein and Murphy also suggest that words being seen in identical context was the most helpful in getting a correct evaluation.The results here point out that the way in which a polysemous word is processed initially affects later memory access. after(prenominal) conducting a number of detailed experiments, Klein and Murphy conclude that polysemous senses are semantically related, yet they are not extremely similar, which consequently results in same-sense facilitation and cross sense inhibition (Klein and Murphy (2001)). If a polysemous word does not contain a core meaning, it is no longer a essential semantic component thatis common to all senses in a given word. word count 429

Online Restaurant Management System Essay

Project objectives unremarkably describe the goals or missions of the company to provide better services to customers. The hear scope is being developed to describe the function that required in a placement. Whereas the project schedule is needed to state the time path for each(prenominal) the task and follow it in methodicalness to complete the dust on time. For the project team is state out the task that do by the members. Development and operation environment is required to ensure the lowest system rout out be develop in a elan way and operate smoothly afterward being implemented.We discuss around the fact finding technique, system requirements, and all the UML diagrams. A complete and details requirements has to be gathered before a quality informaiton system can be produced. Hence, the process of requiremens analysis is very important. So, the fast finding techniques that we use ar interview and observation. Thus, we had more understand about the restaurant workflo w. functional requiements had described the details of each modules. Requirements analysis is an important part of the system formula process.Once the clients requirements have been identified and facts collected, we are then in a position to design a solution. twelvemonth diagram is the database structure that comprised of many classes, interrelationships between classes, operations and attributes of the classes. the database dictionary was showed all the database table with attributes name, data description, data types, key, default values and so on. Database design is an important step in software development. Software test is an important stage to ensure that the software is free of bugs.The purpose of scrutiny is to ensure that the system will propose require function correctly, accurately, readiness and effectively. 1. 2 Purpose Nowadays, the world is getting into digital world. System was stressful to build out to make people even more thingmabob on any aspects. INDIA TAKE AWAYS provides an online system to users to make order online. Indirectly, it involves trafficker (restaurant) and buyer (customer) which could bring benefits to each other and help to sustain the environment. It is a win-win situation that will bring benefit to the world.This system was bringing a convenience for customer that can make order by notwithstanding press a button. 1. 3 Scope Online Ordering Subsystem This Subsystem/module modify customer to make order through online. It will display the fare which let ins repast name, image, price, and description. Customer can select the quantity and add the meal into order list. Then, customer can view all the orders in order list and send the order to our restaurant by click the maintain button. Staff enables to check the orders from check list and up interlocking the status after the meal is cooked. Delivery Subsystem This module is use when customers choose to delivery.They should fill in the delivery information such(pr enominal) as name, contact number, delivery address, date and time. After fill in the delivery details, submit/send it to the restaurant. The staff will keep track all the delivery after the meal is cooked. Staff can view all the meal order, delivery detail, constitutional amount, tax and charge by using this subsystem. They also can scar delivery information for their reference Meal Maintenance Subsystem Admin or animal trainer enables to maintain the meal by using this module. When chef have introduce a new meal, they can use it to add the new meal by enter the meal information.It also allows to edit meal information want meal price or image. Besides, admin can delete the meal if the meal is lower sales. Report Subsystem This module is use to generate report by admin or manager in order to make decision. The report include monthly sales report, top 5 monthly report, redemption report, feedback report, engagement report and so on. Different report has different purpose or usa ge. Most of this report is analyst by admin and make adjustment such like increase staff when higher sales month or do promotion when the sales is lower.

Cardava Turon

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIf you happen to visit sensation(a) of your favourite m on the solids hither in the town nearly in particular their super grocery stores such as SM Hyper grocery, Robinsons Super grocery and Metro Supermarket, you squeeze out nonice that they be each merchandising turon, which they wampumed sell a division or a touch of days ago. Turon an incomparable favorite Filipino merienda is starting to boom as a dough profitable bloodline nowa day measurelights as non skillful the local m both supermarket ar into the stage duty of selling turon besides to nearly every(prenominal) canteen in a university. Lets non go far by feeling at beatified apotheosis University where al almost every canteen is selling whole-time favorite turon. That is why we had come up to present Cardava Turon as our original harvest-time for the YEntrepMan agate row Plan.Cardava Turon came from the sound out Cardava Banana which lowlys Saba Banana in the Philip pines.Cardava Turon was made potential becaexercising of the booming turon concern. Weve thought that selling turon could be a better head to produce a product that is surviven and saleable. however because of our innovative encephalon and ideas, we had thought of agencys on how to introduce our product more other(a) than and more uniquely. We exit non estimable produce the common lineament of turon rather we get out produce the future best-selling merienda in town, which every individual depart crave and that is Cardava Turon.Cardava Turon is basic anyy turon divine product scarce with an exciting twist. As we totally know that one of the best businesses to speculation into nowadays when it comes to feed ar the siomai carts. Almost everywhere in the urban center you can see and buy siomai. Thus, we incorporated the whole near-known siomai to our product by producing our Cardava Turon in siomai style. Cardava Turon is a turon that looks like a fry siomai. In th is grammatical case we would have our tail end market to be thrilled and puzzled by feel the appearance of our Cardava Turon. Fried siomai turon Lets attempt itWere not usurpe yet We had not just uniquely and creatively modify the turon into siomai style we had in any case improved the savour and flavor of our turon,Cardava Turon pilot Flavors.We had come up with one-third antithetic dainty tests1.Banana important (Langka) Turon exalt by our classic turon with langka or jackfruit in spite of appearance. Let the classic sense of examine of turon fertilise you a different kind of hold by having it in siomai style (bite size) turon. 2.Banana Peanut Turon Original concept, our delicious siomai style turon with grounded goober pea internal that forget add kick in every bite. Let the bits of groundnut thrilled you as it tops you a different try out from the mine run turon. 3.Cardava Turon constipate Another original concept, these Cardava Turon with grounded p eanuts, marshmallow, and the classic langka inside volition definitely fail you the taste that you pull up s haves really enjoy and crave the moment you taste and try it. all three flavors lead definitely give you an experience of ingest turon more differently and more scrumptiously. Cardava Turon is certified DHA. Delicious, Healthy and Affordable. Indulge in every bite Cardava Turon was styled as siomai not lonesome(prenominal) because we want to pass our markets as siomai does, neither give our guest a twist of something different plainly because doodad is similarly our business. We want to give our Cardava Turon l everyplace the contrivance that they do not get from the ordinary turon. For the standard size of a turon was 5 to 7 inches that might cause inconvenience to some when eating, thus, we essential our Cardava Turon to be in siomai style so that it would become bite in sizes.This would give a lot of convenience to our market most especially those individual who cant even consume the standard size turon. Cardava Turon prices atomic number 18 15php for four pieces and 30phpfor eight-spot pieces comes in an eco-friendly box. It was price low because our set objective is to get hold of the market as our product is the premier of its kind. grand merchandise strategies be to be expected for the club to gain cognition and familiarity.CARDAVA TURON . . . ANG SARAP CERTIFIED DHA, DELICIOUS, HEALTHY and AFFORDABLEINNOVATIVENESS, CONVENIENCE, GREEN MARKETING and FOR YOUR GOOD IS OUR BUSINESS.Panlasay mananarap sa Cardava Turon2. MISSION STATEMENTHealthy Living, Healthy Eating Cardava Turon ang sarap Panlasay siguradong mananarap dependant DHA, Delicious, Healthy and AffordableOur tagline which stated above says it all with paying attentions to our mission statement, and that is to bring charming taste to our consumers by providing them our very delicious delicacyCardava Turon. similarly as our product is certified DHA, that is delici ous, reasoning(a) and inexpensive which provokes it even more likeable and attractive to the community. We leave alone not just cater those who are looking for delicious merienda but we impart excessively take into consideration those who are health and price conscious. Thus, our mission is not only to earn profit rather our main mission statement is to bring health and wellness to every individual which leave behind not have to suffer on paying very elevated gear prices, enjoying delicious taste that are commodious for their health.VISION STATEMENTTo be the leading and consistently number one on providing delicious, thinking(a) and affordable delicacyCardava Turon.We are envisioning our company to be the leading and consistently number one which entrust certified delicious, reasoning(a) and affordable delicacy to wherever electron orbit we could reach for. This is in line with our statement of bringing health and wellness to all of our consumers. Because we believe that a healthy living is for everybody not just for the fortunate one. Thus, it is our commitment to get out deliciously healthy and affordable Cardava Turon.We go out be directed to our company vision to be the leading and number oneprovider of attractive delicacy.CARDAVA TURON NUTRITIONAL FACTS at that place have been different kinds of banana tree which are known to be rich in potassium and other nutrients. But according to the Doctors of Ministry in Alternative Medicines or DMAM, Cardava (Saba) banana has the elevatedest nutrients present. Cardava has the highest content of nutrients because it has the boneheadedest roots among other banana plants, of which can absorb more nutrients from the soil. Because bananas are rich in potassium, they religious operate the bodys circulative system deliver oxygen to the brain. of importtains a regular heartbeat and a proper balance of water in the body. Helpful for reducing strokes and regulating billet pressure because of the way it resurrects circulatory health.Their abundance of vitamins and minerals, are a great source of pictorial energy. Bananas are also ideal for eating during that midday lull when you feel degenerate and sluggish. Instead of drinking caffeine or having a sugary snack, bananas provide a take aim of energy that lasts recollectiveer without the dramatic crash ca utilize by caffeine. Help stop constipation because bananas have a certain vitrine of fiber that helps to restore and maintain regular bowel functions. Bananas are a natural source for lessening the effectuate of constipation without causing other bowel problems such as diarrhea.The natural ingredients in bananas and their ability to replenish the bodys vitamins make them an ideal way to reduce the effects of a hangover. Bananas can help people who are trying to arrest smoking. The B vitamins and other minerals that they contain reduce the physical and psychological effects of nicotine withdrawal. Vitamin B6 can also minimize menstrual pains and regulates over all moods of women. Because of their calming properties, pregnant women often eat bananas to combat their morning sickness. in any case help to replenish the body and restore a healthy blood glucose level. Help regulate a pregnant womans temperature.As a way to prevent and treat ulcers, bananas help reduce the sullenness that some sustenances can leave in the stomach. Help reduce the inflammation of the digestive system by leaving a protective application political program around the inner walls, making it a natural way to promote intestinal health as well. They arealso a great way to get rid of heartburn. They act as a natural antacid and they quickly soothe the burn.Instead of eating an orchard apple tree each day for optimum health, the adage should state that a banana each day keeps the doctor away. The banana health benefits far outweigh those of the apple because it has many more vitamins and nutrients than their round counter parts.3. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 3.1 National TrendsBasically the only interior(a) trend that can hinder the crop of Cardava Turon in the market is when the cardava (saba) banana supplies pull up stakes be searching for it is the main ingredients to our productCardava Turon. There are some issues nowadays that talks about the becoming scarce of the said banana but even there are no(prenominal) facts that can prove the latter issue. Thus, Cardava Turon business is in life-threatening view and allow for expect continuous supply of raw resources. The launching of Cardava Turon could be a good indication to our sparing and even internationally for we result cater products that are originally from the Philippines. Cardava Turon would strengthen the local banana economy rather than those that are macrocosm exported to the other countries. Thus, it pull up stakes just come on how the Philippines can be competitive and can be known worldwide.3.2 industry depth psychologyThe loc al banana industry at this present day is not as active as ahead because of the growing export business, though there are still businesses of banana industry such those farmers, wholesalers and retailers. With regards to merienda business specifically those who sells turon, there are a lot of little(a) contention for we can see even at the street corner of nonpareiles metropolis there are those who sell turon but because Cardava Turon is not just an ordinary turon which is definitely the beginning-class honours degree of its kind, we can say that we are not deeply affected of those vendors of turon.3.3 grocery store AnalysisSpecifically there are no markets for siomai style turon with delicious variances here in Angeles city and maybe the whole of the Philippines. However turon is being patronized here in the community, thus, those go awaying be considered as the clean market for Cardava Turon. There are still markets for turon that we could cater with.3.4 Competitor Analys isCardava Turon forget have to face and consider a lot of contest for it is not the only turon business in town, most especially even SM malls and Ayala Malls food courts are selling their own class of turon. But Cardava Turon is not just an ordinary turon it is a turon with a lot of exciting twist. It is the send-off of its kind and none in the whole of Angeles City area are selling such turon with different flavors and in siomai style. Thus, Cardava Turon competition give be minimal.4. MARKETING PLAN4.1 SWOT ANALYSISThe table below shows the SWOT analysis of the resources and the environmental factors for Cardava Turon. Major SWOT analyses are provided for the company as well. Resource AnalysisResourcesStrengthsWeaknessesMoneyCardava Turon products are low cost. Thus, low capital investment. MaterialsCardava Turon has a number of contacts that can supply the raw materials. MachinesNo equipment for making the Cardava Turon more efficiently. MethodsNumerous ways and methods for producing Cardava Turon are helpable. ManpowerInexperienced from selling to the company members. circumspectionInsufficient management skills for the company members. Moment (Time)Any launching day for the Cardava Turon is complete(a) for it is a unique delicacy. And the company members are dedicated to perish fulltime and effectively.Identifying Opportunities and Threats in the EnvironmentFactors in the EnvironmentOpportunitiesThreatsSocio-culturalPeople have the habit of having their insouciant merienda Technology and TechnicalNew engineering science and equipments could make the production process efficiently and effectively. EconomicThe purchasing power of the community has lowered because of the increasing price of somenecessities such oil, thus, an advantage for the improver in demand of Cardava Turon for it is priced affordably. NaturalScarcity of cardava banana can hinder the growth of Cardava Turon. PoliticalElection is steadfast approaching.Hence, a good indicator to promote Cardava Turon as their merienda when campaigning. Peace and OrderIn general, there is peace and position in the place of business. (HAU / Angeles City) Population TrendsThe population is increasing. more people mean more buyers who would want Cardava Turon. Government ProgramMicro-Small-Medium Enterprise program are being provided by the government. Cardava Turon may be able to avail of the assistance in the form of financing, technical and trade. Global EnvironmentExporting Cardava Turon process could be lucrative venture.CARDAVA TURON SWOT ANALYSISStrength Uniqueness, as we introduce our all-time favorite turon in deliciously different way. Weakness Familiarity, Cardava Turon an original and the first ever product of its own motiveed a lot of attack to gain learning to the community. Opportunities Innovative Leadership, pioneering the innovative modification of turon. Threats Patent, as BW is the first in the market.4.2 OBJECTIVESCardava Turons strategic mark eting and financial objectives will be employ as direction for the growth of the company.4.2.1 Marketing ObjectivePositioned Cardava Turon to all of Angeles City community. Achieved familiarity of Cardava Turons products and assist. Maintained strategic marketing driving for Cardava Turon as it is spic-and-span in the market.4.2.2 Financial ObjectiveReached the targeted quota and gross sales daily, monthly and annually. 100% excrete on investment. 30% to 40% net profit. Zero negative net profit.4.3 COMPETITIVE EDGELocation is critical to success. Our store needs to be on Main Street or just off Main Street so we can take advantage of walk-by and drive-by craft. We also need adequate parking to make shopping at our store commodious for drivers. And we will target to have concessions to the known canteen of HAU. Convenience. Angeles City / HAU residents and visitors are willing to pay a little bit more for good food and the convenience. Our customers will purchase our food bec ause it is authentic and delicious. High feeling. centering on high musical note Cardava Turon will draw customers from the competition, as well as create a local market that has not existed before in Angeles City. If the prices are reasonable and the food is good, we will have growth by dint of reverberate business.4.4 TARGET MARKET ANALYSIS SUMMARYOur main target markets arePeople who live and work in Angeles City / Holy Angel University, who are looking for quality merienda. Surrounding businesses looking for a tasty merienda for their customers and staff. International and domestic travelers visiting Angeels City / Holy Angel University. Families looking for quality, affordable, home cooked merienda to take home and prepare for their families with ease. People looking for a soft environment in which to enjoy their spare time eating our delicious Cardava Turon. People looking for high quality, unique merienda.Each market segment consists of people who either live, work, or vacation in the Angeles City / Holy Angel University area. Each market will be seek a store canteen that will meet their desire for authentic, healthy food, quality inspection and repair, and a pleasant atmosphere.4.5 MARKET SEGMENTATIONCardava Turon target market indite is segmented using different segmentation strategy.4.5.1 Geographic SegmentationThe main geographical target area for Cardava Turon is the whole of Angeles City and the nearby towns and cities.4.5.2Income / Occupation SegmentationBecause Cardava Turon are certified affordable we are segmenting our markets with middle to low income, though because of the quality product that we are adduceing even those who are high income earners will definitely patronize our products and services.4.5.3 Age Segmentation Cardava Turon is for all ages for as long as they will purchase the product. Our products are seted to those six years of age and above.4.5.4 Sex SegmentationCardava Turon is definitely not gender discriminatory . Everyone can taste and enjoy our deliciously healthy and affordable product.4.6 POSITIONINGWe intend to position our business not just as a manufacturer and distributor of products, but a partner bringing a high level customer satisfaction and high level of service to the stores that we enter into business with. We will work with stores through delivering high quality products to significantly increase the sales and profitability of their food business. By doing this we expect to develop a sanitary loyalty among our customers.4.7 MARKETING MIX 4.7.1 overlapCardava Turon main offering is the Cardava Turon itself, a fried siomai style turon that comes in three different delicious flavors oBanana Classic (Langka) Turon inspired by our classic turon with langka or jackfruit inside. Let the classic taste of turon give you a different kind of experience by having it in siomai style (bite size) turon. oBanana Peanut Turon Original concept, our delicious siomai style turon with grounde d peanut inside that will add kick in every bite. Let the bits of peanut thrilled you as it gives you a different taste from the ordinary turon. oCardava Turon choke Another original concept, these Cardava Turon with grounded peanuts, marshmallow, and the classic langka inside will definitely give you the taste that you will really enjoy and crave the moment you taste and try it. Our main ingredients Cardava Turon products are cardava banana, siomai Turonper, brown sugar, cooking oil (for deep frying), jack fruit, peanut, and marshmallow. All ingredients are of high quality and certified healthy or of good nutritional facts.4.7.2PromotionBecause Cardava Turon is the first of its kind extensive promotional effort will be done to gain recognition and familiarity to the whole of Angeles City.Advertising Highly appealing and attractive tarpaulins, posters and flyers will be strategically positions to those high traffic volume areas in the vicinity of Angeles. We will also invade onlin e advertising wherein we will advertise Cardava Turon to some of the well-known net on the job(p) sites as of at present day. Newspaper, television and radio commercial will also take into consideration.We will have a small advertising budget, disposed exclusively to swop publications designed to reach buyers and owners of upscale independent food stores. The objective of our trade advertising will be too limit to reinforcing the image of our company and the exciting taste of our products. All ads will be four-color and between 1/4 and 1/8 page in size. Each ad will prominently feature our logo and a bright, colorful, intercommunicatewatering changing demonstrate of Cardava Turon products. We will also work with our retailers to obtain hencoop advertising funds for their own local advertising.Sales Promotion initially we will do free tasting for the first two days of Cardava Turon launching this is to let all the Angeleneos experience the delightful taste and flavors of Cardav a Turon. individualized Selling Highly do sales rep that provides superior customer service will be our front liners to provide our buyers experience that they would want to experience again and again, thus, establishing customer loyalty. Our primary sales method is face-to-face selling by our friendly salesperson.Point of Purchase / Product Display near the smell of our product prospective buyers will definitely get curious and crave for our Cardava Turon. We will see to it that our product will be cooked surprisingly delicious and presented mouth-watering. manity Because our entire products at Cardava Turon are certified deliciously healthy and affordable, thus, our campaign of Healthy Living, Healthy Eating would be our most effective way to publicized Cardava Turon. We will send news releases to trade magazines to try to get product or company feature reportage in front of the eyes of buyers and retailers. We will also issue a few generic press releases about Cardava Turon tha t our retailers can use to try to obtain advancement coverage for their stores in local publications. Lastly, we shall have a quarterly newssheet for retailers that we are currently serving or bank to be serving. We anticipate sending 1,000 copies of the news release out our first year and gradually increasing to 2,000 copies by our third year. In the newsletter we will highlight not just our products, but also display ideas and success stories of stores who increased their Cardava Turon sales.Trade Shows We will have a small booth or table top display at national conventions each year, including the SMX convention Center at the SM Mall of Asia. We will emphasize not just our certified deliciously healthy and affordable products but the superior customer/retailer satisfaction that we are providing. We will also provide limited funds for display space for our salesperson at regional trade shows that they attend. Typically we will pay for one table top display.4.7.3Place / Channel of Distribution Cardava Turon is a manufacturing firm which will take care as direct seller and retailer. Our main place of diffusion would be the whole of Angeles City. We will strategically position our swoons/ booth to places of high traffic volume. We will also partner to some of the renowned restaurants for our Cardava Turon to be their featured dessert of the week concession to some of the well-known mall food courts and even partner with some of the university canteen here in Angeles.4.7.4Pricing Rigorous pricing strategies for Cardava Turons product were to be expected. All products will be priced in accordance with our buyers purchasing power not compromising the quality of our products. Having been priced to what the buyers could avail Cardava Turon will definitely have a share of market.Pricing Objective and Method Used Because Cardava Turon is new and first of its kind, our number one objective for pricing is to penetrate the market by pricing our products at low pri ce. In which it could lead to the increase of market share and familiarity of Cardava Turon. Taking into account the pricing objective, demand determining, cost bringing close together and competitors costs, prices and offers analysis Cardava Turon will be using a combination of methods. order pricing will be weighted more. 4.8 CONTROLSCardava Turons Marketing Plan intention is to serve as a guide for the organization. The sideline areas will be monitored to gauge slaying Availability of supplies Expenses higher-up Customer Satisfaction revenue / ProfitSTRATEGY and IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY Our strategy will exploit our advantages over the competition (location, convenience, and high quality) with carefully-tracked milestones for growth.MARKETING STRATEGY Our main marketing strategy would be the most effective and no cost at all strategy, that is the use of the enounce of mouth, for Cardava Turon is considered the best new exciting delicious merienda in town, making the word of mouth more effective. We will also advertise our product to some of the most famous social sites on the net which are Facebook, chirrup and the like.SALES STRATEGY Cardava Turons Market most important sales strategy is exploitation an environment in which customers will return time-after-time because our market provides knowledgeable, friendly staff, quality products, and a comfortable atmosphere that fills their needs. When customers visit our store / retailers, they will know they are entering a clean facility with the best service in the industry. Our pricing strategy will focus on providing high quality products, and services at a fair priceSTRATEGIC ALLIANCES Cardava Turons Market will work to form strategic alliances with local businesses, including campus canteens, local mall food courts, and restaurants. We will also form traffichips with local produce growers and artists to customize the food items we sell and enhance our presence in the community.MARKETING Initial marke ting efforts for source will be geared towards generating name recognition and making a clear distinction between Cardava Turons and other local competitors. Follow-up marketing programs will encourage repeat visits and assist customers in the understanding, appreciation, and zeal of our products.SALES and set We will gear prices towards our competitors in the nearest cities and online, with a small convenience increase for offering them locally. This will offset our distribution costs. Our emphasis on consistently good service, from special orders, will make new customers repeat customers. We mean business as we introduce Cardava Turon to the market but we dont just want to be profitable we also treasured to have a share on our market. This is why we will penetrate the market by pricing our product very affordable. 15php 4pcs of Cardava Turon30php 8pcs of Cardava Turon in an eco-friendly take home box.ALLIANCES and DISTRIBUTION Cardava Turons Market will aggressively pursue traffic with local malls food courts, restaurants (featured dessert of the week), and local crop canteens (most specifically HAU canteens). Our specific target for the distribution of our product is having a partnership not later at the end of this school year to some of the most well-known canteen here in the campus (HAU). We will partner to those canteen in order for our product to gain recognition from the community of HAU. And as the coming year approaches we will extend our effort to partner with the local mall food courts, thus, we will introduce Cardava Turon to all of Angeles City. After having partner to some of the local canteens and food courts we will realised our own food cart or carreling for Cardava Turon products in this way we can more concentrate on selling our products.SALES FORECAST The following assumptions illustrate our conservative sales forecast. Assumptions The average item sell in the market will cost 15php/single order. Php15.00/average sale x 100 peop le/day x of days in a week x of campus canteen partner (slow season). Php22.50/average sale x 200 people/day x of days in a week x of campus canteen partner (busy season).KEYS TO SUCCESS The keys to success for Cardava Turons Market include Reputation Every customer visiting our store will want to return and will recommend us to their friends and family. Word of mouth marketing will be a powerful ally for our business. Superior Customer Service Knowledgeable, friendly service will be of the furthermost importance. Location Provide an easily accessible location for customer convenience. Product/Environment Offer a variety of high quality foods, sold at a fair price in a clean, authentic, comfortable environment. Convenience Our customers will experience the convenience in eating our product that they had never been experienced before.5. MANAGEMENT TEAM and ORGANIZATION PLAN 5.1 Management Team The Company will be managed by the ten knowledgeability partners, whose individual ar ea of expertise covers many of the functional aspects of the business. Jose Carlo Dizon will serve as the President of the Company, and will be liable for Product cream and Sales & Marketing. Nikki S. Barrientos will be the Vice President, in charge of Administration. She will be accountable for customer service, accounting, shipping and the general administration of the business. bloody shame Jane Narciso will be the Chief Operating Officer, and will be responsible for maintaining close relationship with all our retailers/concessionaires. Kresta-An Tanhueco and Jeiel Feliciano will serve as the area managers that are responsible for monitoring trading operations of all carrells/kiosk of Cardava Turon. Aldrian Soriano and Mark Cunanan will be the head of Research and Development plane section which are accountable for producing new ideas and variances for the growth of all Cardava Turon products. Kevin Colinares as the Public Relations Officer will be in charge for the publici ty and good relations of the company to the whole of Angeles City community. Nikki S. Barrientos will be in charge with Banana Wrap logistics, scroll and suppliers relations. Lastly, to be responsible for all employee related issues will be Jose Carlo Dizon as the HR Manager.All founders are dedicated of doing their job effectively and efficiently which will bring Cardava Turon to its sweep over success.5.2 Organizational Chart5.3 Key Personnel Every stall of Cardava Turon will be staffed by our dedicated and skillful front liner which includes the kiosk/stall executive program who will be in charge of the overall operations of the kiosk. Together with the stall supervisor are the two all-around salespersons who will perform exchangeiering which includes order taking and assembling, cooking all ordered products, and maintaining inventory and cleanliness through-out the entire operations.Qualifications Required Stall Supervisor Graduate of any four-year business management relat ed courses or high school graduate with a minimum of two years work experience as a food stall/kiosk supervisor. Sales Associate this includes being the cashier, cooked, stocktaking custodian and the salesperson. All associate would be at least college level with basic knowledge in accounting, cooking, inventory, and in sales. High school graduate will be considered with a minimum one year work related experiences.All stall supervisors upon the start of their work at Cardava Turon are qualified for any other promotions depending on the availability of the vacant position and their performance as a whole. Same as to all Sales Associate, with which are also qualified for any promotion depending on their performances.6. PRODUCTION and trading operations PLAN 6.1 Production Process The production process for producing our product Cardava Turon will include the preparation of all raw materials/ingredients such the peeling of cardava banana and cutting it into cubes, preparing siomai Turonper as the Turonper of the said product, pre-heating of deep fryer for cooking high quality Cardava Turon. All extra condiments and ingredients will be prepared as well, the sugar (brown) to be apply, grounded peanut for Banana Peanut Turon, the langka for the Banana Classic Turon, and the marshmallow for the Banana overload.Step by step processes are as follows 1.Peeling and dicing into cubes of cardava banana. 2.Turon using siomai Turonper and lay the flavors such grounded peanuts and the classic langka. 3.Rolling the Turonped product into the brown sugar. 4.Deep frying until the product becomes princely brown. (10-20 seconds) 5.Cooling and filtering of excess oil. 6.Package depending on the customer orders. (4pcs. or 8pcs.)6.2 Product/Service DeliveryIn order to deliver high quality, personalized service we will carefully guide all employeesespecially stall supervisor and sales associate who will deal directly with customers. Jose Carlo is currently interviewing candidate s for sales associate. We will carefully reappraisal references from past employers or manufacturers and from retailers whom these sales associate have served. We will also make sure that each employee understands our way of delivering quality product/service to each customer. We will have immediate back-up support available by phone from our office for more difficult product/service issues. And we will give employees enough latitude so that they can respond instanter to almost all customer requests or complaints.6.3 Customer ServiceWe intend to place customer service and make it a key component of our marketing programs. We believe that providing our customers with what they want, when and how they want it, is the key to repeat business and to word-of-mouth advertising. non only will we train our employees to deliver excellent service, we will give them the flexibility to respond creatively to client requests. In addition, we will continually monitor our clients level of satisf action with our service and products through surveys and other commodious feedback opportunities. Initially we expect to have few enough accounts so that bloody shame Jane and Kevin can handle all customer/retailer service issues.As our business grows we intend to hire additional customer service people one at a time and pay a premium over market labor rates to attract and retain quality help. tape transport problems are a huge issue with the firms that we compete with largely because they swan on using surface shipping methods to keep their costs guttle to charge low prices to keep their mass merchant accounts happy. We intend to use air freight to export our products to the neighbor countries. This will add to our costs. But because we want to penetrate the international market it makes more sense for us. Itwill also allow us to have much thinner inventories in our warehouse without risking stocking out.6.4 FacilitiesWe plan to lease small office space for the mean time as Card ava Turon is still starting. The said office space will be used by the ten co-founders as they work together for the fast growth of Cardava Turon. The office space building is located in a busy industrial neighborhood, but because we do not intend to have customers visit us we have decided to lease a lower-rent location. For our stalls/kiosks they should be located in a high traffic volume area which could generate prospective buyers for all the products. We will apply the spaces for all the stalls that could hold enough supplies for a week operations. cristal to twenty square meters would be the ideal stall/kiosk size.6.5 EquipmentsWe will need five computer sets initially to be used at the main office. Minimal office supplies will do for the company is still starting. Five telephone lines are also needed to be used for communicating to all staffs retailers and suppliers. The equipment to be used for the kiosk would be cash register for recording sales transactions, deep fryer to be used for cooking all Cardava Turon products, freezer for all perishable raw ingredients. Also we will provide food warmer to store all the cooked products and to be used for display purposes, small cabinets are to be used for non-perishable goods. forwardness table is also considered necessity when making Cardava Turon products including also all the necessary cooking tools and gadgets to make the operation efficiently.6.6 Work FlowAll personnel who are working at the main office will be working eight hours weekdays depending on the volume of their work. Office hours would be from 800am until 500pm, but flexible working hours will do also. Sundays will be their day-off and through Saturdays the office hours would only be half-day which is from 800am to 1200noon. As to the stall/kiosk the operations would be from Mondays through Sundays, operations will start at 700am until 900pm though business hours will just start at 800am until800pm.There will be three shifts in a day the o pener from 700am-300pm, the mid-shift from 1000am-700pm and the walking(prenominal) from 100pm-900pm. Initially stalls will be manned by only three people who include a stall supervisor and two sales associate. The stall supervisor will be in charge of the scheduling. He can decide on his own on who would be assigned in the shifts, preferably the mid-shift will be the stall sup. So that he/she can monitor well the operations of their stall. As our business grows we intend to hire additional sales associate to make our operations even more efficient.6.7 Production RisksPreventive measures are to be implement to lessen or decrease the possibility of being hurt and wound in the production of all Cardava Turon products. We will make sure that all employees especially the sales associate are properly trained with regard on the production or cooking of Cardava Turon. First aid kit will be provided to all Cardava Turon kiosks. Stall Supervisor will be responsible for checking all the n ecessary machines and equipments if they are working properly and effectively. originally and after the business operations, checklist will be provided to be accomplished by whoever was assigned to check the quality and performance of all goods, materials and equipments. This is to prevent unessential problems to occur.6.8 SuppliersBy the supervision of Nikki, all issues regarding suppliers of all the stalls/kiosk for Cardava Turon will be properly monitored. This includes checking the quality of all raw materials/goods. Delivery schedules will be monitored, as well as all the necessary issues concerning supplier relations and logistics.6.9 Inventory ManagementIn order for the inventory to be more accurate, there will be two types of inventory to be done. The first one is to be accomplished by all stall supervisors for each kiosk which is to be done daily. And the second type of inventory, the monthly inventory to be oversee by Kresta and Jeiel, which they will evaluate and check the accuracy of all the daily inventories. Thecompany will provide standard inventory checklist to be used by all Cardava Turon stalls/kiosks.6.10 Quality ControlEach store will offer nothing but freshly and quality Cardava Turon products. Standard procedure for preparation and cooking of the product will be well developed by our R&D team Aldrian and Mark. Arthur will be responsible for the high quality raw goods that are to be used. Camille will monitor all retailers compliance of Cardava Turon quality standards.

Computer Systems Essay

1. inceptionThe purpose of this freshlyspaper is to survey the current state of go for project run downner engineering and to briefly discuss p fierceicted advancements in the field. By examining a range of late published journal articles, magazine articles and internet sites on the topic of digital digital th rowing s quite a littleners this written report describes the main types of studyners in common give today and examines their performance in relation to four criteria termination, man-depth, active range and softw argon. The report then considers the incumbrance of further technological advances in these four atomic number 18as, as wellhead as the deployment of new sensor engineering on the hereafter victimization of scanners. The start-off scanner, initially referred to as a edition machine, was developed in 1960 by Jacob Rabinow, a Russian born engineer. The device could scan printed existent and then comp be each character to a set of standard s in a matrix using, for the first time, the best match principle to get hold the original message (Blatner, Fleishman and Roth 1998, p.3). This reading machine was to form the basis for the development of current examine, sorting and processing machines.An early improvement on the reading machine was the drum scanner. These scanners utilise a type of scanning engineering science called photomultiplier tubes (PMT). Drum scanners argon still apply in industry today because of the high quality word pictures they produce. The development of smaller, much economical scanners such as desktop scanners and scanners for domestic use followed the drum scanner as the minute of computing device users increased and figurer engine room advanced.Scanners can now vex computes from a wide variety of two and threedimensional sources. These characters are converted to digitised computer files that can be stored on a hard-drive or floppy disk. With the aid of specific software, these i mages can then be manipulated and enhance by the user. It is now possible to deploy electronic acquisition to give an entire layout (including all graphic elements) from the same computer. This means manual stripping is no longer required (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2000). Scanners are considered an invaluable tool for adding graphics and text to documents and harbour been readily adopted by both business and domestic users. 2. How scanners workA scanner is a device that uses a vigilant source to electronically convert an image into binary data (0s and 1s). This binary data can then be employ to store the scanned image on a computer. A scanner recreates an image by using small electronic components referred to as the scanners eye (Scanner tips 2000). The type of eyes utilize in todays scanners are charge-coupled devices (CCD) and photomultiplier tubes (PMT). These electronic eyes measure the come up of light reflected from individual points on the knave and tra nslate it to digital signals that correspond to the smarting of each point (Englander 2000). To create a file on the computer that represents a colour image, the scanner divides the image into a grid with many an(prenominal) individual points called picture elements or picture elements (Scanner tips 2000). A scanning head, termed a lyric of eyes, reads over the grid and assigns a number to each picture element old bagd on the main colour in that pixel, using green, moody and red. For example an aquamarine pixel would be saved as a number to represent the proportion of blue, green and red which represents the colour aqua (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2000). 3. Types of scannersThere are five main types of scanners in common use today drum scanners, flat scanners, sheet-fed scanners, slide scanners, and go held scanners.3.1 Drum scannersDrum scanners were widely used in the past, however they are much less commonly used today due to advances in scanner technology. As a result of their expense, these machines are primarily used by professionals in industry, where they are considered important due to the high-end quality image they produce and because they use PMT technology which is moresophisticated than charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and sink in image sensors (CISs). Drum scanners are difficult to lock in and technicians operate these scanners by placing the item to be scanned on a glass cylinder rotating at high speeds around the sensor (Sullivan 1996). 3.2 Flatbed scannersThe around touristy scanners for general use are flatbed scanners. This type of scanner is super versatile because it is able to scan flat objects as well as small three dimensional objects. Flat-bed scanners operate by placing the item to be scanned on a glass window while scanning heads proceed underneath it. A transparency adapter is used to scan impartial originals such as slides or x-rays, and an automatic document feeder is lendable for scanning large numbers of documents (Scanner tips 2000). 3.3 Sheet-fed scannersSheet-fed scanners have grown in popularity in upstart years, particularly for small office or domestic use as they are reasonably priced, can scan full-sized documents and are compact, requiring hold desk space (Scanner tips 2000). Most models of sheet-fed scanners have an inbuilt document feeder to repress the problem of manually feeding one sheet of paper at a time. However the unquestionable process or scanning with a sheet-fed scanner may result in distortion as the image to be scanned moves over the scanning heads (Scanner tips 2000). A further limitation of sheet-fed scanners is that they are unable to scan three dimensional objects. 3.4 swoop scannersThis type of scanner is used to scan items such as slides that adopt careful intervention during scanning. Unlike other scanners, the scanning heads in slide scanners do non reflect light from the image, but rather pass light with it. This enables these scanners to produce shining results without distortions caused by reflective light. To be able to scan small and fine items, these scanners have a large number of eyes on the scanning head which produces a high quality result. Slide scanners tend to be more expensive and less versatile than flatbed and sheet-fed scanners as they are limited to only scanning slides and film. These scanners, however, are well conform to to users requiring high quality scans of large numbers of slides (Scanner tips 2000). 3.5 pot held scannersHand held scanners are compact, portable scanners which are simply dragged across a page manually to capture an image. These scanners are easy to use and economical to corrupt however, their use is limited to text of up to four adjoines in diam that does not require a high resolution. For this reason, hand held scanners are inapplicable for colour images. A further disadvantage of hand held scanners is that the user essential have a steady hand when scanning or the resulting image will be distorted (Scanner tips 2000). 4. Scanner specificationsThe performance of a scanner can be examined in relation to four main criteria resolution, bit-depth, dynamic range and software. 4.1 ResolutionResolution is a measure of how many pixels a scanner can sample in a given image. It is used to describe the amount of detail in an image (Figeiredo, McIllree and Thomas 1996). high resolution scanners are generally more expensive and produce superior results as they have a greater capacity to capture detail. Scanners have two types of resolutions optical resolution and interpolated resolution.Optical resolution, or hardware resolution, is a measure of how many pixels a scanner can actually read. A current model desktop scanner typically has a resolution of three hundred x three hundred dots per inch (dpi) (Anderson 1999). This means that this scanner has a scanning head with three hundred sensors per inch, so it can sample 300 dpi in one boot and 300 dpi in the other committal by stopping the scanning head 300 times per inch in both directions. Some scanners stop the scanning head more frequently as it moves down the page, giving an optical resolution of 300 x 600 dpi however, scanning more frequently in one direction does not improve the result of the scan. The basic requirement for scanning detailed images and line art from photos or other printed originals is an optical resolution of 600 dpi. When scanning slides and negatives the negligible optical resolution is 1200 dpi.Interpolated resolution measures the number of pixels a scanner is able to predict. A scanner can turn a 300 x 300 dpi scan into a 600 x 600 dpi scan by looking in-between scanned pixels and guessing what that spot would havelooked like if it had been scanned. This expectation is then used to insert new pixels in between the actual ones scanned. This technique is less precise than optical resolution however it assists in improving the enlargement of scanned ima ges. 4.2 Bit depthBit depth refers to the amount of information that a scanner records for each pixel when converting an image to digital form. Scanners differ in the amount of data they record for each pixel within an image. The simplest kinds of scanners only record data related to black and exsanguine details and have a bit depth of 1 (Anderson 1999). The minimum bit depth required for scanning photographs and documents is 24-bits, while slides, negatives or transparencies need a scanner with at least 30-bits. Thus for a scanner to produce a high quality scan with colour, a high bit depth is required. In general, current scanners have a bit depth of 24, which means that 8 bits of information can be store for the three primary colours used in scanning blue, red and green (Anderson 1999). This high resolution allows scanners to produce images close to photographic quality. 4.3 self-propelling rangeDynamic range refers to the measurement of the range of tones a scanner can recor d on a scale of 0.0 to 4.0, with 0.0 being perfect white and 4.0 being perfect black. Colour flat-bed scanners usually have a dynamic range of 2.4. A range of this measurement is unable to brook high quality colour scans. A dynamic range of 2.8 and 3.2 is suited to professional purposes and can be found in high-end scanners. An even high dynamic range of 3.0 to 3.8 can be provided by drum scanners. 4.4 parcelA scanner, like any type of hardware, requires software. Typically the two most common pieces of software provided with scanners include optical character recognition (OCR) and image editing software. Optical character recognition software translates the information save in a scan, tiny dots, into a text file which can be edited. Image editing software allows the tones and colours of an image to be manipulated for better printing and display. Image editing similarly gives filters to apply excess effects to scanned images 5. Future developmentsThe quality of scanned images is constantly improving as characteristics such as resolution, bit-depth and dynamic range are enhanced and further developed. more sophisticated image editing and optical character recognition software development is also resulting in superior quality scans. Future advances are expected to result in the incorporation of specialized scanners into other types of technology such as the recently developed digital camera. This device allows the user to take pictures of three-dimensional objects much like a regular camera, draw out that instead of using film, the objects are scanned by the camera in a similar process to the functioning of a flatbed scanner.The relatively new area of sensor technology in the form of a contact image sensor (CIS) (see Appendix 1) is expected to improve the functionality of scanners and the quality of images as it replaces the cumbersome optical reduction technique with a single row of sensors (Grotta and Wiener 1998, p. 1). Developers have already been a ble to produce a CIS scanner which is thinner, lighter, more energy efficient and cheaper to manufacture than a traditional CCD base device. However, the quality of the scan is not as good as its counterparts. advertise development of CIS technology is needed to improve image quality and colour, and to palm the problem of a limited 300 or 600 dpi.6. ConclusionThis report has identified five types of scanners currently available. Some are primarily used for professional purposes such as the drum scanner others are used more broadly in the workplace and home such as flatbed scanners and to a lesser extent sheetfed scanners. Scanners for specialized purposes have also been identified such as slide and handheld scanners. The performance of these scanners is aquiline upon their resolution, bit-depth, dynamic range and software. Scanners have improved significantly in recent years in terms of weight, size, price and speed, and the replacement of CCD technology with CIS technology is an ticipated to produce further benefits to these areas as well as to scan quality. The impact of these improvements is expected to increase the accessibility of scanner technology to a wider range of users and its suitability for a wider range of purposes. Inrelation to this, the future of scanner technology seems to point to the convergence of different technologies. Specialized scanners are currently being incorporated into other types of technologies such as digital cameras, printers, and photocopiers. This can be expected to continue with other forms of technology in conjunction with further improvements to image quality, speed, price, size and weight.7. Reference listAnderson, D. The PC Guide. httpwww.pctechguide.com/18scanners.htm. Blatner, D., Fleishman, G. Roth, G. (1998) Real world scanning and halftones 2nd edition, Peachpit Press, USA. Englander, I (2000). The Architecture of computer hardware and systems software. John Wiley, USA, p272. Figeiredo, J. McIllree, J. Thomas, N . (1996) Introducing information technology 2nd edition caviuna wood Press, Singapore, p145. Grotta, D. and Weiner, S. Whats now Whats next. http//www.zdnet.com/pcmag/features/scanners98/intro.html PC Magazines 20 October 1998. 8/4/00 Prepress, scanners, digital cameras and photoCDs. http//www.prepress.pps.com/mem/lib/ptr/scanners.html 1998. 6/4/00 Scansoft scanner tips http//www.scannercentral.com/scanners/tips/tips1.asp 2000.6/4/00 Sullivan. M. Types of scanners. http//hsdesign.com/scanning/types/types.html 1996. 8/4/00