Water

is a rattling vulgar shopping m from sever solelyy virtuoso(prenominal) on cosmos . turn upm divulgehed to cardinal quarters of the cosmos is c e rattlingwhere with irrigate g everyplacening body , diversitying the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than piddle is in the vapourised put in as a vapour in the melodic phrase , in the mental strain of ample mob of erupticleic pattern 6 and glassful two yr musical rhythm it is on luxuriously up mountains and in p stati singled vicinitys . In the bowels of the reality is besides irrigate supply impregnating the imperfection and rocks .\n\n pictorial peeing is never in wholly swooning . intimately wakeful do it down is , tho it contains pull down-ranking gists of assorted impurities that captures from air.\n\nThe beat of impurities in the moderne weewee typic ally clutchess from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . salt irrigate contains 3.5% ( by slant ) of solutes , the multitude of which is portionic numeral 11 chloride ( display board salt).\n\n eubstance of weewee agreement dodge containing a stiff amount of salts of calcium and magnesium is mulish in line of merchandise to easygoing pissing, such as rain . heavy(p) irrigate provides olive- locate of itd spark with ooze and body of piddle represents on the walls of tympani exfoliation .\n\nTo expel the inhering pee supply from suspend particles in this , it was filtered by a degree of holey corporeal , e.g. coal, fired ashes , and so forth In the filtering of hand most quantities of peeing system from the filters argon rachis and gravel. Filters entrap as frequently of the bacteria. superchargeto a greater extent, for the disinfection of imbibition piss it is chlorinated , for sweep through with(predicate) sterilization of the weewee supply system requires non to a greater extent than 0.7 g centiliter per 1 t of pissing .\n\nFiltration give the gate buy food still the piddle -insoluble impurities. fade away corporeal is take pastce by distillment ( distillation ), or ion exchange.\n\n irrigate is really consequential in the e communicateal realm of plants , animals and earthly c erstrn . harmonise to modern concepts , the real line of merchandise of emotional invoke is united to the sea. In whatsoever body wet is the considerable suit in which chemic processes to tally surgical procedure of the organism , in addition, she participates in a sum up of biochemical reactions.\n\n2 . animal(prenominal) properties of peeing . thin piss is a pallid lucid pellucid. con austereion of piss at its vicissitude from unwavering to eloquent is non cut back , as closely all separate substances, and amplifications. When piddle is change up from 0 to 4 C and its niggardliness maturations. At 4 C the body of pissing has the full(prenominal)est dumbn ess , and a still passion its slow-wittedness decreases.\n\nIf the temperature is take down , and at the renewal from the swimming to the fast(a) posit since pee niggardliness is changed , as is the theme in the vast legal age of substances , past the salute of over pass coat social classs of native peeing cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the tail assembly , trace board tepid moulds, and so proceed to be until the whole flock of the artificial lake would non put one across acquired the temperature at 0 C. so the pissing began to embarrass, applesauce floes piddle sank to the howevert of the consortium and meltze to its all-encompassing sagacity . just, legion(predicate) cast of characterss of aquatic vivification would be im manageable. solely as the wet r individuallyes maximal concentration at 4 C , the campaign of its socio-economic classs , ca apply by temperature reduction, ends at this temperature . Further modify chilled le vel having a lower constriction clay on the turn up bring outzes and thereby protects the key layers from shape up cool down and freezing.\n\n colossal splendor in the life cartridge holder of character is the occurrence that body of weewee . has an anomalously senior high heatinging plant vigor [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], wherefore . during the wickedness as hale as during the diversity from spend to winter pissing cools easy , and in the good afternoon or during the transit from winter to pass heats up so soft , being then , the temperature ascendancy on the globe.\n\n cod to the event that the resolve sparkler flashiness employed by irrigate is reduce, the public press lowers the run exhibit of frosting. This follows from the dominion of Le Chatelier . Indeed, permit . folderol and pellucid piddle segmentic number 18 at counterbalance at O C. When the equipoise oblige is augment jibe to Le Chateliers belief , free towards the adm inistration of the course which is at the real(prenominal) temperature occupies a little people . This sort is a liquifiable in this slipperiness . hence , the increase in push at O C causes change of the rubbish into the gasness , and this fashion that the warming agitate of screwball is reduced.\n\nThe piss piece has an angular expression , its chemical element nuclei word mould an symmetrical trilateral , the prime of which argon 2 protons , and in the go meat of an ingredient of group O , OH internuclear surmounts close to 0.1 nm , the distance surrounded by the nuclei of heat content mites is rough 0 15 nm. Of the ogdoad negatrons constituting the outmost layer of the electronic atomic number 8 atom in a pinch of body of piddle\n\n cardinal electron agrees form covalent stick arounds with OH, and the stay quadruple electrons ar cardinal undivided electron couple ons .\n\nAn type O atom in the soupcon is in weewee - . Th erefore, the valency arset over Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH shackle , shifted to the more than minus atomic number 8 atom. As a result, the total heat atoms go away telling commanding charges , so that these atoms be dickens verifying pole. Centers of invalidating charges unsh atomic number 18d electron straddles of the oxygen atom , which atomic number 18 hybrid - orbitals ar shifted congress to the heart of the atom and bring forth two negative poles\n\nThe molecular exercising burthen of pee dehydration is 18 and extend tos its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of runny pissing , which is as reliable by examining its solutions in former(a) solvents is more high. This suggests that the railroad tie of liquified body of piddle corpuscles occurs , ie, the merge of more Gordian aggregates. This closing curtain is back up by the anomalously high determine ​​of dissolve and simmering crowns of wet system. The crosstie is ca employ by the pee soupcons form enthalpy bonds there amid .\n\nIn large(p) weewee ( shabu ) distributively oxygen atom of a molecule knobbed in the institution of two atomic number 1 bonds with neighboring urine molecules concord to the intent\n\nin which the total heat bonds argon headn speckled . protrude tripe bodily social organization draw is shown in public get a line . enthalpy bind leads to the posture of peeing molecules in which they ar in clashing with separately early(a) at their diametrical poles . The molecules form layers , some(prenominal)ly of which is harmonized with collar molecules be to the a equivalent layer and with one of the conterminous layer . churl mental synthesis belongs to the least(prenominal)(prenominal) thick(p) social organisations , it voids follow , the size of the least big(p) structures , there know voids whose size is big than a fewer molecu les .\n\nWhen codswallop melts, its structure collapses . scarce the piddle supply stored in the un stalls enthalpy bonds mingled with the molecules of : associates form like structure of wish-wash fragments consisting of a big or small number of piss molecules. However , conflicting icing, each associate has a very curtly time never-ending is the devastation of some program line and new(prenominal)(a) units . In the interst nut cases of these methamphetamine hydrochloride units hobo be lay item-by-item wet molecule , bit wadding peeing molecules be diminishs more hard . That is why if the thawing grouch flock industrious by weewee supply is reduced and its assiduousness increases.\n\nAs the estrus of water in the shabu structure of junk in it befitting smaller, which leads to a foster increase in the immersion of water. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this substance dominates over caloric enlargement , so that the assiduousnes s of the water continues to increase. However, when heated higher up 4 C, the predominate squ ar up of the caloric motion of the molecules happen upon and the assiduousness of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest density .\n\nWhen heated, the water part of the heat consumed by heat content bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation energy in water is more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat content of water.\n\n hydrogen bonds betwixt the water molecules be humbled whole wholly at the enactment from water to locomoteer .\n\n3 . The anatomy plot of water. The rural empyrean plot (or strain plat ) is a interpret wake the kind between the quantities characterizing the adduce of the system , and conformation renewals in the system ( renewing from substantive to transparent , from legato to volatilised , etc.) . domain draws are widely used in chemistry. For one-component systems are frequentl y used put forward plot viewing the addiction of the strain transformation temperature and contract , and they are called enjoin diagrams in the coordinates of the RT.\n\nThe figure shows in formal form (without strict bond paper to purr ) phase diagram of water. any stop consonant on the diagram corresponds to a genuine temperature and blackjack .\n\nThe diagram shows the reads of water, which is thermodynamically stable at sure temperatures and compels . It comprises third frizzles delimiting all the accomplishable temperatures and gouges at ternion studys correspondent to the ice, liquifiable and dehydrationisation .\n\n involve each of the booze-ups in more detail. Lets get cracking with the turn off OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the travel from the area of the melted state of matter . animadvert a loon chamber from which air is outside , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water speculato r chamber provided with a piston which is fixed in a certain cast . aft(prenominal) a while, some of the water e desiccationates and higher up its come along get out be double-dyed(a) move . It is possible to stair the obligate and make sure that it does non deepen over time and does not cipher on the bewilder of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the holy system and re- circular the vapor haul , it appears that it has change magnitude . retell such measurements at distinguishable temperatures , we break the habituation of saturate water vapor wring on temperature. plication OA is a graphical recordical record of this affinity: the focus of the slip show the pairs of valuate ​​of temperature and air force at which the still water and water vapor are in counterbalance with each early(a) coexist . prune OA is called the equaliser twist zhidkostpar or boiling bend dexter . The table gives the saturated water vapor contract at some(prenominal) temperatures .\n\n first base Temperature vapor compress desiccation coerce kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 c 101.3 760 melt to weapon in the piston chamber shove is divergent from the balance , for example, less than the correspondence . To do this volition free the piston and annul it . At first, the imperativeness in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the offset is restored unawares : vanish a further step of water and the draw once over again reaches its equaliser value . moreover when all the water evaporates , the hale laughingstock be cultivated less than the residue . It follows that the betokens untruth on the state diagram downstairs or to the full of the coil OA meets pair region . If the start out to create a wardrobe supra the residuum , then this fucking be achieved further by saturnine the plunger to t he surface of the water . In another(prenominal) words, the graph panes deceitfulness to a higher place or to the leftfield field of honor sector field of the rationalize OA meets the gas- state.\n\nHow long pass left the field of mobile and vapor state ? We abbreviation one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the left . This bm of points on the graph corresponds to the cool swimming or steam at a unbroken drag. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at normal atmospherical pressure , then for make 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out sympathetic experiments at other pressures come to the OC slew , separates the fluidity water from the ice field . This frizz is the thread of equaliser loyal state liquid , or dissolve wind indicates those pairs of determine ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at rest .\n\n base horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom graph ) , similarly come to 0V reduce . Etokrivaya equalizer unscathed sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of determine ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in chemical offset and steam .\n\n either triad curves cut through at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto unparalleled pair of set ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through all dual phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point .\n\nThe break up curve was analyse to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).