The Judiciary Committee of the Virginia State Bar Association Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The major role of this committee is to ensure that any judicial vacancy is filled with the right candidate. The process involves first considering and appropriately searching for the right nominees. Finally, a committee member from a given Virginia State Bar disciplinary district is assigned the responsibility of scrutinizing any identified nominees from their district in Virginia (Virginia State Bar Council, 2012). The vacancies that require such nominations are often in the Supreme Court of Virginia, the State Corporation Commission, and Virginia Seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Each investigation brings out a report before the JCEC then interviews them. Upon investigation, the candidates are then voted for qualification and putting into consideration the committee policy requirements of integrity, experience, temperament, professional competence, public service, and civic activities (Warner & Kaine, 2014, p. 1). As active members, the members of the Virginia Judicial Candidate Evaluation Committee are admitted to practice law in Virginia as attorneys and are also engaged, whether part time or full time, salaried or not, in practicing law (The Virginia State Bar, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on The Judiciary Committee of the Virginia State Bar Association or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Like most American States, Virginia State continues to use an electoral system to appoint and retain its judges. However, this is disadvantageous since nominees have to campaign and this is time consuming and expensive, and the judges find themselves ethical dilemma situations. Furthermore, such campaigns cause even the lowest ranking judges to receive reappointments despite proof of eminent unfairness and eminent disqualification like the case of Judge Birdie Hairston Jamison (Fain, 2014). For some judges like Lucas D-Portsmouth, the act involved systematic bias even though Jamison was a female from the minority black people. Virginia State Bar Association- Alternative Dispute Resolution Besides its responsibility in the selecting candidates for judicial positions, the JCEC in Virginia is responsible for addressing professional ethics and standards of practice; enlightening ADR professionals and lawyers regarding trending issues and opportunities in the field through the Virginia ADR newsletter, CLE programs, and the website; developing creative uses of ADR processes and Strategies to offer improved services to clients; and monitoring public and legislation policy. In the State of Virginia, ADR is the responsibility of a Joint Dispute Resolution Committee that is active in all areas of ADR, including conciliation, negotiation, arbitration, mediation, restorative justice, settlement conferences, and collaborative law.

Electronic design automation industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6516 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION The VLSI was an important pioneer in the electronic design automation industry. The lambda-based design style which was advocated by carver mead and Lynn Conway offered a refined packages of tools.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Electronic design automation industry" essay for you Create order VLSI became the early hawker of standard cell (cell-based technology). Rapid advancement in VLSI technology has lead to a new paradigm in designing integrated circuits where a system-on-a-chip (SOC) is constructed based on predesigned and pre-verified cores such as CPUs, digital signals processors, and RAMs. Testing these cores requires a large amount of test data which is continuously increasing with the rapid increase in the complexity of SOC. Test compression and compaction techniques are widely used to reduce the storage data and test time by reducing the size of the test data. The Very large scale integration design or manufacturing of extremely small uses complex circuitry of modified semiconductor material. In 1959- jack St. Claire Kilby (Texas instruments) they developed the first integrated circuit of 10 components on 9 mm2. In 1959, Robert Norton Noyce (founder, Fairchild semiconductor) has improved this integrated circuit which has been developed by Jack St Claire Kilby, in 1968- Noyce, Gordon E. Moore found Intel, in 1971- Ted Hoff (Intel) has developed the first microprocessor (4004) consists of 2300 transistors on 9 mm2, since then the continuous improvement in technology has allowed for increased performance as predicted by Moores law. The rate of development of VLSI technology has historically progressed hand-in-hand with technology innovations. Many conventional VLSI systems as a result have engendered highly specialized technologies for their support. Most of the achievements in dense systems integration have derived from scaling in silicon VLSI process. As manufacturing has improved, it has become more cost-effective in many applications to replace a chip set with a monolithic IC: package costs are decreased, interconnect path shrink, and power loss in I/O drivers is reduced. As an example consider integrated circuit technology: the semi conductor industry Association predicts that, over the next 15 years, circuit technology will advance from the current four metallization layers up to seven layers. As a result, the phase of circuit testing in the design process is moving to the head as a major problem in VLSI design. In fact, Kenneth M, Thompson, vice president and general manager of the Technology, Manufactur ing, and Engineering Group for Intel Corporation, states that a major falsehood of testing is that we have made a lot progress in testing in reality it is very difficult for testing to keep speed with semi conductor manufacturing technology. Todays circuits are expected to perform a very broad range of functions as it also meets very high standards of performance, quality, and reliability. At the same time practical in terms of time and cost. 1.1 Analog Digital Electronics In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we are constantly dealing with quantities. In the most physical systems, quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated, arithmetically, observed. We should be able to represent the values efficiently and accurately when we deal with various quantities. There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: analog and digital 1.2 Analog Electronics Analogue/Analog electronics are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, two different levels are usually taken in digital electronics signals. In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is comparative to the value of that quantity. Analog quantities such as those cited above have n important characteristic: they can vary over a continuous range of values. 1.3 Digital Electronics In digital representation the quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits. As an example, consider the digital watch, which provides the time of day in the form of decimal digits which represent hours and minutes (and sometimes seconds). As we know, the time of day changes continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it changes in steps of one per minute (or per second). In other words, this digital representation of the time of day changes in discrete steps, as compared with the representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial reading changes continuously. Digital electronics that deals with 1s and 0s, but thats a vast oversimplification of the in and outs of going digital. Digital electronics operates on the premise that all signals have two distinct levels. Certain voltages might be the levels near the power supply level and ground depending on the type of devices used. The logical meaning should not be mixed with the physical signal because the meaning of this signal level depends on the design of the circuit. Here are some common terms used in digital electronics: Logical-refers to a signal or device in terms of its meaning, such as TRUE or FALSE Physical-refers to a signal in terms of voltage or current or a devices physical characteristics HIGH-the signal level with the greater voltage LOW-the signal level with the lower voltage TRUE or 1-the signal level that results from logic conditions being met FALSE or 0-the signal level that results from logic conditions not being met Active High-a HIGH signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Active Low-a LOW signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring Truth Table-a table showing the logical operation of a devices outputs based on the devices inputs, such as the following table for an OR gate described as below 1.4 Number Systems Digital logic may work with 1s and 0s, but it combines them into several different groupings that form different number systems. Most of are familiar with the decimal system, of course. Thats a base-10 system in which each digit represents a power of ten. There are some other number system representations, Binary-base two (each bit represents a power of two), digits are 0 and 1, numbers are denoted with a B or b at the end, such as 01001101B (77 in the decimal system) Hexadecimal or Hex-base 16 (each digit represents a power of 16), digits are 0 through 9 plus A-B-C-D-E-F representing 10-15, numbers are denoted with 0x at the beginning or h at the end, such as 0x5A or 5Ah (90 in the decimal system) and require four binary bits each. A dollar sign preceding the number ($01BE) is sometimes used, as well. Binary-coded decimal or BCD-a four-bit number similar to hexadecimal, except that the decimal value of the number is limited to 0-9. Decimal-the usual number system. Decimal numbers are usually denoted byd at the end, like 24d especially when they are combined with other numbering systems. Octal-base eight (each digit represents a power of 8), digits are 0-7, and each requires three bits. It is rarely used in modern designs. 1.5 Digital Construction Techniques Building digital circuits is somewhat easier than for analog circuits-there is fewer components and the devices tend to be in similarly sized packages. Connections are less susceptible to noise. The trade-off is that there can be many connections, so it is easy to make a mistake and harder to find them. There are a few visual clues as result of uniform packages. 1.5.1 Prototyping Boards Prototypes is nothing but putting together some temporary circuits, or, as part of the exercises using a common workbench accessory known as a prototyping board. A typical board is shown in Figure 1 with a DIP packaged IC plugged into the board across the centre gap. This board contains sets of sockets in rows which are connected mutually for the component leads to be connected and plugged in without soldering. Apart from these outer edges of the board which contains long rows of sockets are also connected together so that they can be used for ground connections and power supply which are common to most components. Assembling wiring layout on the prototype board should be carried out systematically, similar to the schematic diagram shown. 1.5.2 Reading Pin Connections IC pins are almost always arranged so that pin 1 is in a corner or by an identifying mark on the IC body and the sequence increases in a counter-clockwise sequence looking down on the IC or chip as shown in Figure 1. In almost all DIP packages, the identifying mark is a dot in the corner marking pin 1. Both can be seen in the diagram, but on any given IC only one is expected to be utilised. 1.5.3 Powering Digital Logic Where analog electronics is usually somewhat flexible in its power requirements and tolerant of variations in power supply voltage, digital logic is not nearly so carefree. Whatever logic family you choose, you will need to regulate the power supply voltages to at least  ±5 percent, with adequate filter capacitors to filter out sharp sags or spikes. To provide references to the internal electronics that sense the low or high voltages and also act on them as logic signals, the logic devices rely on stable power supply voltages. The device could be confused and also misinterpret the inputs if the devices ground voltage is kept away from 0 volts, which in turn causes temporary changes in the signals, popularly known as glitches. It is better to ensure that the power supply is very clean as the corresponding outcome can be very difficult to troubleshoot. A good technique is to connect a 10 ~ 100  µF electrolytic or tantalum capacitor and a 0.1  µF ceramic capacitor in parallel across the power supply connections on your prototyping board. CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF ITERATIVE CIRCUITS As a background research, recent work on iterative circuits was investigated. In this section, seven main proposals from the literature will be reviewed. The first paper by Douglas Lewin published in (1974, pg.76,277), titled Logic Design of Switching Circuits, in this book he states that quite often in combinational logic design, the technique of expressing oral statements for a logic circuit in the form of a truth table is inadequate. He stated that for a simple network, a terminal description will often suffice, but for more complex circuits, and in particular when relay logic is to be employed, the truth table method can lead to a laborious and inelegant solution. 2.1 Example: A logic system could be decomposed into a number identical sub-systems, then if we could produce a design for the sub-system, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. The outputs of one cell form the inputs to the next one in the chain and so on, each cell is identical except for the first one (and frequently he last one) whose cell inputs must be deduced from the initial conditions. Each cell has external inputs as well as inputs from the preceding cell, which are distinguished by defining the outputs of a cell as its state. Figure 2.1 Iterative Switching Systems The second proposal which will b reviewed was presented by Fredrick J. Hil and Gerald R. Peterson published in (1981, pg. 570), titled Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design, in this book, they discussed that iterative network is highly repetitive form of a combinational logic network. The repetitive structure make possible to describe the iterative networks utilizing techniques that already developed for sequential circuits, the author in this books he has limited his discussion to one dimensional iterative networks represented by the cascade or identical cells given in below figure. A typical cell with appropriate input and output notation is given in one more figure below (b). Now note the two distinct types of inputs, i.e., primary inputs from the outside world and secondary inputs from the previous cell in the cascade. And similarly and there are two types of outputs, i.e., primary to the outside world and secondary to the next cell in the cascade. The boundary input s which are at the left of the cascade denoted by us in the same manner as secondary inputs. At some cases the inputs will be constant values. A set of boundary inputs emerges from the right most cell in the cascade. although these outputs are to the outside world, they will be labelled in the same manners secondary outputs. The boundary outputs will be the only outputs of the iterative networks. The third proposal by Barri Wilkinson with Raffic Makki, published in (1992, pg. 72-4) titled -digital design principles, in this book, they discussed about the design and problems of iterative circuits and stated that, there are some design problems which would require a large number of gates if designed as two level circuits. On approach i.e., is to divide each function into a number of identical sub functions which need be performed in sequence and the result of one sub function is used in the next sub function. A design based around the iterative approach is shown in below figure. There are seven logic circuit cells each cell accepts one code word digit and the output from the preceding cell. The cell produces one output, Z, which is a 1 whenever the number of 1s on the two inputs is odd. Hence successive outputs are a 1 when the number of 1s on inputs to that point is odd and the final output is a 1 only when the number of 1s in the whole code word is odd as required. To create an iterative design, the number of cells and the number of data inputs to each cell need to be determined and also the number of different states that must be recognized by the cell. The number of different states will define the number of lines to the next cell (usually carrying binary encoded information). The fourth proposal was reviewed by Douglas Lewin and David Protheroe published in (1992, pg. 369),titled Design of Logic systems, in this book, according to them, iterative networks were widely used in the early days of switching systems when relays were the major means of realizing logic circuits. these technique fell into disuse when electronic logic gates widely available. It is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in the sense regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation up to a sequence of a data bits. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with large numbers of parallel inputs. The method is also directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits and has the advantage of producing a modular structure based on a standard cell which may be optimized independently in terms of layout etc. Circuits containing any number of input variables can easily be constructed by simply extending the network with more cells. they examine the iterative circuits with some examples, although it is possible to implement an arbitrary logic function in the form of an iterative array, the technique is most often applied to functions which are in this sense regular in that the overall function may be achieved by performing the same operation upon a sequence of data bits. Suppose a logic system could be decomposed into a number of identical subsystems; then if we could produce a design for the subsystem, or cell, the complete system could be synthesized by cascading these cells in series. Problem Reduced: this problem now has been reduced to that of specifying and designing the cell, rather than the complete system. The fifth proposal presented by Brians Holdsworth published in (1993, pg. 165-166) titled Digital Logic Design, stated that iterative networks widely used before the introduction of electronic gates are again of some interest to the logic designers as a result of developments in semiconductor technology. Moss pass transistors which are easily fabricated are used in LSI circuits where these LSI circuits require less space and allow higher packing densities. One of the major disadvantages of hard-wired iterative networks was the long propagation delays because of the time taken for signals to ripple through a chain of iterated cells. This is no longer such a significant disadvantage since of the length of the signal paths on an LSI chip are much reduced in comparison with the hard-wired connections between SSI and MSI circuits. However, the number of pass transistors that can be connected in series is limited because of signal degradation and it is necessary to provide intercell buffe rs to restore the original signal levels. One additional advantage is the structural simplicity and the identical nature of the cells which allows a more economical circuit layout. A book proposed by Brians Holdsworth and R.C. Woods published in (2002, pg.135), titled Digital Logic Design, in this book, the discussion on the structure has made and stated that iterative network consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manners as shown in figure with the variables X1.Xn are termed as primary input signals while the output signals termed as Z1Zn and another variable is also taken a1an+1 are termed as secondary inputs or outputs depending on whether these signals are entering or leaving a cell. The structure of an iterative circuit may be defined as one which receives the incoming primary data in parallel form where each cell process the incoming primary and secondary data and generates a secondary output signal which is transmitted to the next cell. Secondary data is transmitted along the chain of cells and the time taken to reach steady state is determined by the delay times of the individual cells and their interconnections. According to Larry L. Kinney, Charles .H and Roth. JR, published in (2004, pg.519) titled Fundamentals of Logic design, in this book they discussed that many design procedures used for sequential circuits can be applied to the design of the iterative circuits, they consists of number of identical cells interconnected in a regular manner. Some operations such as binary addition, naturally lend themselves to realization with an iterative circuit because of the same operation is performed on each pair input bits. The regular structure of an iterative circuit makes it easier to fabricate in integrated circuit from than circuits with less regular structures, the simplest form of a iterative circuit consists of a linear array of combinational cells with signals between cells travelling in only one direction, each cell is a combinational circuit with one or more primary inputs and possibly one or more primary outputs. In addition, each cell has one or more secondary inputs and one or more secondary outputs. Then the produced signals carry information about the state of one cell to the next cell. The primary inputs to the cells are applied in parallel; that is, they are applied at the same time, the signals then propagate down the line of cells. Because the circuit is combinational, the time required for the circuit to reach a steady- state condition is determined only by the delay times of the gates in the cell. As soon as steady state is reached, the output may be read. Thus, the iterative circuits can function as a parallel- input, parallel-output device, in contrast with the sequential circuit in which the input and output are serial. One can think of the iterative circuits as receive its inputs as a sequence in time. Example: parallel adder is an example of iterative circuits that has four identical cells. The serial adder uses the same full adder cell as he parallel adder, but it receives its inputs serially and stores the carry in a flip-flop instead of propagating it from cell to cell. The final proposal was authored by JOHN F WAKERLY, published in (2006, pg. 459, 462, 756), titled Digital Design Principles, in this book he quoted that, iterative circuits is a special type of combinational circuits, with the structure shown in below figure. This circuit contains n identical modules, each of which contains both primary inputs and primary outputs and cascading inputs and cascading outputs. The left most cascading inputs which is shown in below figure are called boundary inputs and are connected to fixed logic values in most iterative circuits. The right most cascading outputs are called boundary outputs and these cascading output provides important information. Iterative circuits are well suited to problems that can be solved by a simple iterative algorithm: Set C0 to its initial value and set i=0 Use Ci and Pli to determine the values of P0i and Ci+1. Increment i. If i restore. Xilinx ISE project navigator: Xilinx ISE consists of an array of software tools; we illustrate the basic development process. Four major steps include: Create the project design and HDL codes. Create a test bench and perform RTL simulation Adding a constraint file and to synthesize and implement the code. Generate and download the configuration file to an FPGA device. 7.14 Overview of ISE Tool ISE controls all aspects of the design flow. Through the Project Navigator interface, can access all of the design entry and design implementation tools. You can also access the files and documents associated with your project. Project Navigator maintains a flat directory structure; therefore, maintain revision control through the use of snapshots. 7.14.1 Project Navigator Interface The Project Navigator Interface is divided into four main sub windows, as seen in below figure. On the top left is the Sources window which hierarchically displays the elements included in the project. Beneath the Sources window is the Processes window, which displays available processes for the currently selected source. The third window at the bottom of the Project Navigator is the Transcript window which displays status messages, errors, and warnings and also contains interactive tabs fo Tcl scripting and the Find in Files function. The fourth window to the right is a multi-document interface (MDI) window refered to as the Workspace. It enables you to view html reports, ASCII text files, schematics, and simulation waveforms. Each window may be resized, undocked from Project Navigator or moved to a new location within the main Project Navigator window. The default layout can always be restored by selecting View Restore Default Layout. These windows are discussed in more detail in t he following sections. 7.14.2 Sources Window This window consists of three tabs which provide information for the user. Each tab is discussed in further detail below. 7.14.3 Sources Tab The Sources tab displays the project name, the specified device, and user documents and design source files associated with the selected Design View. The Design View (Sources for) drop-down list at the top of the Sources tab allows you to view only those source files associated with the selected Design View, such as Synthesis/Implementation standards. 7.14.4 Devices in the Spartan-3 Subfamily Even though Spartan-3 FPGA devices has similar types of logic cells and macro cells, their densities differ. Each subfamily contains an array of devices of various densities. 7.14.5 Macro Cell The Spartan-3 device contains four types of macro blocks: combinational multiplier, block RAM, digital clock manager (DCM), and input/ output block (IOB). The combinational multiplier accepts two 18-bit numbers as inputs and calculates the product. The block RAM is an 18k-bit synchronous SRAM that can be arranged in various types of configurations. A DCM uses a digital-delayed loop to reduce clock skew and to control the frequency and phase shift of a clock signal. An IOB controls the flow of data between the devices I/O pins and the internal logic. It can be configured to support a wide variety of I/O signalling standards. 7.15 Development Flow The simplified development flow of an FPGA-based system is shown in below figure, to facilitate further reading, we follow the terms used in Xilinx documentation. The left portion of the flow is the refinement and programming process, in which a system is transformed from an abstract textual HDL description to a device cell-level configuration and then downloaded to the FPGA device. The right portion is the validation process, which checks whether the system meets the functional specification and performance goals. The major steps the flow are: Design the system and derive the HDL files(s). We may need to add a separate constraint file to specify certain implementation constraints. Develop the test bench in HDL and perform RTL simulation. The RTL term reflects the fact that the HDL code is done at the register transfer level. Perform synthesis and implementation. The synthesis process is generally know as logic synthesis, in which the software transforms the HDL constructs to generic gate level components, such as simple logic gates and FFs. The implementation process consists of three smaller processes: translate, map, and place and route. Translate: The translate process merges multiplies design files to a single netlist. MAP: This process which is generally known as technology mapping, maps the generic gates in the netlist to FPGAs logic cells and IOBs. PLACE and ROUTE PROCESS: which is generally known as placement and routing, it derives the physical layout inside the FPGA chip. It places the cells in physical locations and determines the routes to connect various signals. In Xilinx flow, static timing analysis, this static timing analysis determines various timing parameters, such as maximal propagation delay and maximal clock frequency, this is performed at the end of the implementation process Now at last generate and download the programming file. In this process, a configuration file is generated according to the final netlist. The file is downloaded to an FPGA device serially to configure the logic cells and switches. The physical circuit can verified consequently. The optional functional simulation can be performed after synthesis, and the optional timing simulation can be performed after implementation. Functional simulation uses a synthesized netlist to replace the RTL description and checks the corrections of the synthesis process. Timing simulations uses the final netlist, along with detailed timing data, to perform simulation. Because of the complexity of the netlist, functional and timing simulation may require a significant amount of time. If we follow good design and coding practices, the HDL code will be synthesized and implemented correctly. We only need to use RTL simulation to check the correctness of the HDL ode and use static timing analysis to examine th e relevant timing information. Both functional and timing simulations can be omitted from the development flow. 7.15.1 Snapshots Tab The Snapshots tab displays all snapshots associated with the project currently open in Project Navigator. A snapshot is a copy of the project including all files in the working directory, and synthesis and simulation sub-directories. A snapshot is stored with the project for which is was taken, and the snapshot can be viewed in the snapshots tab. 7.15.2 Libraries Tab The Libraries tab displays all libraries associated with the project open in Project Navigator. 7.15.3 Processes Window This window contains one default tab called the Processes tab. 7.15.4 Processes Tab The Processes tab is context sensitive and changes based upon the source type selected in the Sources tab and the Top-Level Source Type in your project. From the Processes tab, run the functions necessary to define, run and view your design. The Processes tab provides access to the following functions: Add an Existing Source Create New Source View Design Summary Design Entry Utilities Provides access to symbol generation, instantiation templates, HDL Converter, View command line Log File, and simulation library compilation. 7.15.5 User Constraints Provides access to editing location and timing constraints. 7.15.6 Synthesis Provides access to Check Syntax, Synthesis, View RTL or Technology Schematic, and synthesis reports. 7.15.7 Implement Design Provides access to implementation tools, design flow reports, and point tools. 7.15.8 Generate Programming File Provides access to the configuration tools and bit stream generation. The Processes tab incorporates automake technology. This enables the user to select any process in the flow and the software automatically runs the processes necessary to get to the desired step. For example, when run the Implement Design process, Project Navigator also runs the Synthesis process because implementation is dependent on up-todate synthesis results. 7.15.9 Transcript Window The Transcript window contains five default tabs: Console, Errors, Warnings, Tcl Console, Find in Files. 7.15.10 Console Displays errors, warnings, and information messages. Errors are signified by a red (X) next to the message, while warnings have a yellow exclamation mark (!). 7.15.11 Warnings Displays only warning messages. Other console messages are filtered out. 7.15.12 Errors Displays only error messages. Other console messages are filtered out. 7.15. 13 Tcl Console Is a user interactive console. In additions to displaying errors, warnings and informational messages, the Tcl Console allows a user to enter Project Navigator specific Tcl commands. For more information on Tcl commands, see the ISE Help. 7.15.14 Find in Files Displays the results of the Edit Find in Files function. 7.16 Workspace 7.16.1 Design Summary The Design Summary lists high-level information about project, including overview information, a device utilization summary, and performance data gathered from the Place Route (PAR) report, constraints information, and summary information from all reports with links to the individual reports. 7.16.2 Text Editor Source files and other text documents can be opened in a user designated editor. The editor is determined by the setting found by selecting Edit Preferences, expand ISE General and click Editor. The default editor is the ISE Text Editor. ISE Text Editor enables to edit source files and user documents. You can access the Language Templates, which is a catalog of ABEL, Verilog and VHDL language, and User Constraints File templates that you can use and modify in your own design. 7.16.3 ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor is a test bench and test fixture creation tool integrated in the Project Navigator framework. Waveform Editor can be used to graphically enter stimuli and the expected response, then generate a VHDL test bench or Verilog test fixture. 7.16.4 Schematic Editor The Schematic Editor is integrated in the Project Navigator framework. The Schematic Editor can be used to graphically create and view logical designs. CHAPTER 8 8. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS This chapter review the major contributions of this thesis and discusses some directions for future research 8.1 Dissertation Contributions Most of the test engineers and researchers are trying to discover extremely appropriate design of Iterative circuits schemes to maximise the test methodology. Usually, most of the inventions are providing enormous results and a number of well-known advantages, but always there is a question or the most important matter rose in development of designing of Iterative circuits; the reliability of iterative circuits. In this chapter, a brief review of the contributions of the dissertation is presented. In chapter 2, a review of iterative circuits and its investigated, as is well known, iterative networks were widely used in the early days of switching systems when relays were the major means of realizing logic circuits. Iterative cell techniques are particularly well suited to pattern recognition and encoding and decoding circuits with large numbers of parallel inputs. The method is also directly applicable to the design of VLSI circuits and has the advantage of producing a modular structure based on a standard cell which may be optimized independently in terms of layout etc. In chapter 3, an overview of design methods for iterative circuits are discussed quoted as a design methodology based on a cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analyzing, and refining a product or process. Changes and refinements are made, in the most recent iteration of a design, based on the results of testing. Iterative design process might be applicable in the entire new product development process. In the early stages of development changes are easy and affordable to implement. In the iterative design process the first is to develop a prototype. And also mentioned about the classification of iterative circuits with an example. 8.2 Testability of Iterative Circuits The increase in the complexity of the integrated circuits and the inherent increase in the cost of the test carried out on them are making it necessary to look for ways of improving the testability of iterative circuits. However the results can be extended to stable class of bilateral circuits. Kautz proposed the cell fault model (CFM) which was adopted my most researchers in testing ILAs. As assumed by CFM only one cell can be faulty at a time. As long as the cell remains combinational, the output functions of the faulty cell could be affected by the fault. In chapter 4, the design of iterative building blocks are investigated through different binary arithmetic circuits as it is a combinatorial problem. For the binary arithmetic, it may seem insignificant to use the methods which we have already seen for designing combinatorial circuits to obtain circuits. But the problem persists with this so the general method to create these kinds of circuits would use too many gates. We must look for different routes. As well as the coding was also developed with the building blocks. In chapter 5, investigation on need for testing is made stating that as the density of VLSI products increases, their testing becomes more difficult and costly. Generating test patterns has shifted from a deterministic approach, in which a testing pattern is generated automatically based on a fault model and an algorithm, to a random selection of test signals. While most problems in VLSI design has been reduced to algorithm in readily available software, the responsibilities for various levels of testing and testing methodology can be significant burden on the designer. Manufacturing Test Principles A critical factor in all LSI and VLSI design is the need to incorporate methods of testing circuits. This task should proceed concurrently with any architectural considerations and not be left until fabricated parts are available. Optimal Testing With the increased complexity of VLSI circuits, testing has become more costly and time-consuming, In chapter 6, these chapter discusses about the Design and Implementation of Circuits on FPGA, based on VLSI Design so states that the design and implementation is based on two types ASIC and FPGA but in detail we discuss about the FPGA Historical Background and Review on FPGA states that In some FPGAs, two I/O cells can be combined to support differential pair I/O standards. A trend in FPGAs is to include cores for specialized functions such as single-port and dual-port RAMs, first-in-first-out (FIFO) memories, multipliers, and DSPs. Within any given FPGA, all memory cores are usually of the same size in terms of the total number of memory bits, but each memory cores in the arrays is individually programmable. We also discuss about the Implementation Styles, and example on FPGA, as well as Benefits of FPGA Technology, and also aroused a question about why choosing an FPGA, and the Software Development in FPGA technology and finally we end this chapter this Testing on FPGA. In chapter 7, A Review on Verilog was stated and also Basic concepts and also mentioned about the Hardware Description Language quotes that Two things distinguish an HDL from a linear language like C: Concurrency and Timing, as well as the introduction to Verilog was also discussed, combining with these discussion was also made on Features, Design Specification, Design Styles, Functional Verification and Testing, Logic synthesis, Floor Planning Automatic Place and Route, Physical Layout, Design Hierarchies, Modules, Instances, ports, Behavioural RTL Modelling, Modelsim, Project flow, Commands, Graph Verifying, and finally discussed about the Xilinx ISE Tools, in this Xilinx ISE section we will clearly understand about the how to create a project, synthesis and implementation and finally errors, warnings and many more are found, in ISE simulator or waveform editor ISE Simulator / Waveform Editor is a test bench and test fixture creation tool integrated in the Project Navigator frame work. Waveform Editor can be used to graphically enter stimuli and the expected response, then generate a VHDL test bench or Verilog test fixture. At last the chapter ends with the Schematic Editor that is integrated in the Project Navigator framework. The Schematic Editor can be used to graphically create and view logical designs CHAPTER 9 References Rubio, R. Anglada, J. Figueras (1989), Easily Testable Iterative Uni-dimensional CMOS Circuits, European Test Conference, Volume. 12, Issue 14, p. 240 245. Barry Wilkinson and Rafic Makki (1992), Digital System Design, 2nd Ed, Prentice Hall. B. Holdsworth (1993), Digital Logic Design, 3rd Ed, Butterworth-Heinemann. Brian Holdsworth and Clive Woods (2002), Digital Logic Design, 4th Ed, Newnes Publications. D. D. Givone and R. P. Roesser (2006), Multidimensional Linear Iterative Circuitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ General Properties, IEEE Journal on Computers, Volume: C-21, Issue: 10, p. 1067- 1073. Douglas Lewin (1974), Logical Design of Switching Circuits, 2nd Ed, Thomas Nelson Sons Ltd. Douglas Lewin and David Protheroe (1994), Design of Logic Systems, 2nd Ed, Chapman Hall. Fredrick J. Hill and Gerald R. Peterson (1981), Introduction to Switching Theory Logic Design, 3rd Ed, John Wiley Sons, Inc. H.Charles Roth, and L. Larry (2004) Kinney Fundamentals of logic design, 6th Ed, CENGAGE LEARNING. Hassan A. Farhat (2004), Digital design and computer organization, CRC Press LLC. John F. Walkerly (2006), Digital Design: Principles Practices, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall. John V. Oldfield and Richard C. Dorf (1995), Field Programmable Gate Arrays: Reconfigurab;e Logic for Rapid Prototyping and Implementation of Digital Systems, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Laung-Terng Wang, Charles E. Stroud, Nur A. Touba (2008), System-on-chip test architectures: nanometer design for testability, Elsevier Inc. M. Morris Manoand Charles R. Kime (2004), Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, 3rd Ed, Prentice Hall. Pong P. Chu (2008), FPGA prototyping by VHDL examples: Xilinx Spartan, 3 version, John Wiley Sons Inc. R. C. Seals G. F. Whapshott (1997), Programmable Logic: PLDs FPGAs, 1st Ed, Macmillan Press Ltd. Wai-Kai Chen (2003), VLSI technology, CRC Press LLC. 9.1 Electronic References https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1041811isnumber=22329 (Accessed on 03/09/09). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1672046isnumber=3064 (Accessed 15/09/09). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=36249isnumber=1513 (Accessed on 15/09/09) www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 20/09/09). https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/5024/4/bac2746.0001.001.txt(Accessed on 20/09/09). www.csupomona.edu/~apfelzer/204pdf/204-9.pdf (Accessed on 24/09/09). https://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/adrianth/ecal95/img3.gif (Accessed on 24/09/09) portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1311977 (Accessed on 24/09/09). www.mrc.uidaho.edu/mrc/people/jff/240/241//iterative.htm (Accessed on 24/09/09). www.mrc.uidaho.edu/mrc/people/jff/240/241//iterative.htm (Accessed on 24/09/09). ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=313328 (Accessed on 25/09/09). www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~mbala/csl316/slides/sec2.ppt (Accessed on 25/09/09). citeseer.ist.psu.edu/102979.html (Accessed on 25/09/09). www.freepatentsonline.com/3290624.html (Accessed on 27/09/09). dtlab.kaist.ac.kr//Chap%2016%20-%20Sequential%20Ckt%20Design.pdf (Accessed on 27/09/09). www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 29/09/09). www.freepatentsonline.com/3290624.html (Accessed on 30/09/09). dtlab.kaist.ac.kr//Chap%2016%20-%20Sequential%20Ckt%20Design.pdf (Accessed on 05/10/09). www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~halasaad/Data/vts93.pdf (Accessed on 05/10/09). https://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Niteesh-84640-vlsi-technology-entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/ (Accessed on 07/10/09). https://www.cs.unm.edu/~melaniem/pdfs/Arora_SSISwarm_2009.pdf (Accessed on 07/10/09). https://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~seda/eecs355_W07_lec01.pdf(Accessed on 14/10/09). https://www.fpgacentral.com/docs/fpga-tutorial/fpga-design-flow-overview (Accessed on 14/10/09). https://www.strumpen.net/xilinx/tut82i/ise.html (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/FullAdderNewProjectWizard_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/FPGAsetting_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/verilogmodule_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/Synthesizer_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). https://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4839347/Halfadder_Full.jpg (Accessed on 25/10/09). CHAPTER 10 10. Appendix 10.1 ADDER x1 10.2 ADDER x2 10.3 Adder Sum 10.4 Carry

Essay on Adult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System

Adult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System Versus CJ150: Juvenile Delinquency Josh Skaggs There are many similarities and differences between the adult and juvenile justice systems. Although juvenile crimes have increased in violence and intensity in the last decade, there is still enough difference between the two legal proceedings, and the behaviors themselves, to keep the systems separated. There is room for changes in each structure. However, we cannot treat/punish juvenile offenders the way we do adult offenders, and vice versa. This much we know. So we have to find a way to merge between the two. And, let’s face it; our juveniles are more important to us in the justice system. They are the group at they†¦show more content†¦The legal portion of the constitution is built on â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†. It establishes fairness and equality to the people. As a contrast, there are many differences between the adult and juvenile justice system. These differences consist of the right to a jury, the right to post bail, lenien cy of evidence, different court proceedings, the right to a public trial, and rehabilitation efforts. As for the purpose of this paper, we will dissect the differences of the two systems. Many appeals have been filed under the notion that a right to a jury should be upheld for juvenile offenders. The courts have voted against this action time and time again. These appeals are made on the assumption that, as noted earlier, adult crimes should be tried as adult crimes. However, the court rules on this matter while keeping the rehabilitation efforts of the juvenile courts in mind, as opposed to the more punitive measures. Their desire to see kids treated as kids are defined with their upholding of the law, and pushing rehabilitation to its max. But should rehabilitation be the prime focus when the act is of adult capacity; even in a child’s body? I do not think so. What are the percentages of rehabilitation success with adults for committed capital offenses? How are th ey going to differ when a child partakes in them? I think there is aShow MoreRelatedJuvenile vs Adult Justice System Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesAdult Justice v Juvenile Justice System There is no question that if a person is involved in any type of crime they will at some time make their way through the justice system. However, when that person is an adolescent they will go through the juvenile justice system, as an adult would go through the adult justice system. Even though the crimes of each can be of the same manner or hold the same severity the punishment results can differ. The main reason for having the two different justiceRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreShould The Texas Criminal Justice System Be Legal?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen known to have a strict criminal justice system. The justice system in Texas used to hang criminals for serious crimes they were convicted of doing. Texas has never been faced with the question we face them with today. Should the Texas criminal justice system be able to charge juveniles as adults in trials when faced with serious charges? Prosecutors are using both sides of this argument to their advantage. In Texas, the Juvenile Law states that, â€Å"a juvenile is defined as a person who is not oldRead MoreJuvenile Vs Juvenile915 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile v. Adult Corrections Juvenile delinquents use to not face police or a correction system, only the fear and punishment of their families. However, as the juvenile delinquents aged they were faced with harsher punishments, but it was not until the 1800s reformers started looking for ways to teach values and built asylum and training schools. Then the concept of parens patriae occurred to establish the right to intervene in a child’s life when there were issues (Siegel, 2016). The next majorRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pagesexploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussion on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really ch anged the way that I look at juvenile delinquents. Three historicalRead MoreJuveniles and The Death Penalty Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles and The Death Penalty *No Works Cited One of the most controversial issues in the rights of juveniles today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles? For nearly a century the juvenile courts have existed to shield the majority of juvenile offenders from the full weight of criminal law and to protect their entitled special rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rightsRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Juvenile Justice and Adult Criminal System835 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: JUVENILE V. CRIMINAL 1 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System Ronda Cauchon CJ150-01 Professor Abreu Kaplan University October 9, 2012 JUVENILE V CRIMINAL 2 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System In the earliest of times, juvenile offenders were treated theRead MoreJust Mercy Essays : Juveniles Being Tried As Adults1407 Words   |  6 Pagesto Bryan Stevenson’s â€Å"Just Mercy† stories of juveniles being tried as adults, Jason Zeidenberg in the article â€Å"The Risks Juveniles Face When They Are Incarcerated with Adults† strongly emphasizes the dangers and consequences that juveniles face when they are tried as adults. Zeidenberg states the consequences of juveniles being raped, assaulted, committing suicide and the effects of being victimized. Children who are housed in the same facility as Adults is not a good idea nor a good mix, accordingRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Should Severity of Punishment for Young Offenders Be the Same as Adults? Throughout centuries of development, crime and social safety are still the biggest concerns for a country since it can influence the political, economic, and social aspects. With the evolution of human civilization, more than seventy percent of the world has been urbanized into developed countries. These countries contain advanced technologies, highly-comprehensive policies and economic system. Along withRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And Adult Justice Systems1589 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussing both the juvenile and the adult justice systems. There are several differences between the two systems, which may surprise you. I will be discussing many aspects within the justice systems. These include Terminology, Due Process rights, the process of Arrest to Corrections, Juvenile crime compared to Adult crime, age limits and waivers for the adult system and the different community correctional options, which are available to the offenders. The two systems share many of the same terms

The Shortcomings Of The Progressive Era - 1040 Words

From 1800 to 1900, the United States population grew by more than 70 million people, and with many people moving towards an urban life, cities alone grew by about 15 million between 1880 and 1900. The fertile capitalistic economy allowed for the growth of large corporations, and with the various innovations that appeared during this period, the U.S. also began to move towards modern industrialization. This unprecedented rate of advancement also brought in some less desirable consequences, such as political corruption and harsh working conditions. This, in turn, ushered in the Progressive Era, as the country was swept into a new direction by reformers, who pushed for the removal of corrupt elements that took advantage of the failure of†¦show more content†¦However, journalists began to get a hint of what was happening behind the scenes. Thomas Nast, considered to be the â€Å"Father of the American Cartoon†, was one of the key people in bringing down the Tweed Ring thr ough cartoons published in Harper’s Weekly, such as â€Å"Wholesale and Retail Thievery†, and â€Å"Who Stole the People’s Money? -Do Tell†. Tweed even reportedly said, Stop them damned pictures. I dont care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents dont know how to read, but they cant help seeing them damned pictures! Nast’s cartoons were significant, because if he did not publish them, a majority of New York would not have discovered the political corruption until much later, and, in the meantime, would have been blissfully unaware of any impairment in the growth of New York. In addition to Nast’s work, disgruntled officials also released financial records that implicated Tweed and his associates with an estimated $25 million to $200 million in stolen funding to the New York Times, sealing Tweed’s fate when he was convicted and jailed in 1873. Nast’s influence also prompted other journalists to take a closer look at their own cities and ensured that the weaknesses of growing cities would not be exploited without the public’s knowledge. Laissez-faire capitalism took ahold of the second industrial revolution and with the advent of mass production, the value ofShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Wide And Varied Movement Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagestechnological advancements and rapid speed of industrialization altered the life styles of Americans. In this context, progressive leaders advocated and strived to introduce reforms for solving the grave issues. Progressivism movement was wide in nature with varying goals. It introduced urban reforms and had offensive attitude towards dishonest leaders and corrupt political system. Leaders of progressive movement favored taking ownership of public utilities by government supporting different social welfare programsRead MoreRoosevelt, Immigration, and Americanism Essay example1677 Words   |  7 PagesAs one of the presidents during the Progressive Era, Theodore Roosevelt led the United States of America through a series of dramatic changes that interrupted the lives and ideologies that Americans during the time were more than familiarized with. Industrialization, women’s suffrage, the sexual revolution, imperialism, and â€Å"muckraking† journalism were just a few of the controversial, yet significant characteristics of this era. However, perhaps one of the largest and most vital influences duringRead MoreRoosevelt, Immigration, and â€Å"Tru Americanism†1706 Words   |  7 PagesAs one of the presidents during the Progressive Era, Theodore Roosevelt led the United States of America through a series of dramatic changes that interrupted the lives and ideologies that Americans during the time were more than familiarized with. Industrialization, women’s suffrage, the sexual revolution, imperialism, and â€Å"muckraking† journalism were just a few of the controversial, yet significant characteristics of this era. However, perhaps one of the largest and most vital influences duringRead MorePolice Policing History911 Words   |  4 Pagescertificate based on standards of competency. Only after he has been certified as being competent is he free to accept employment or establish a practice anywhere in the state.† Accordingly, New York’s police training standards were some of the most progressive in the country, as well as mandatory. Gourley writes â€Å"[t]oday no police recruit in the State of New York may achieve permanent status without first successfully passing an authorized minimum course of study in a school approved by the council.†Read More Twenty Years at Hull-House Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cruelties of industrialization.nbsp; Rejecting the philosophies that stemmed from the Gilded Age, such as social Darwinism and the belief that human affairs were determined by natural law, Addams was a progressive who wanted government to be more responsive to the people. As a progressive, Jane Addams committed herself as a social servant to the community in an attempt to fulfill the promise of democracy to everyone rather than a small elite group.nbsp; Addams’s dedication to communitarianRead MoreThe Progressive Era And New Deal Era2021 Words   |  9 PagesThe Progressive Era and the New Deal Era had a significant amount of similarities with policies and programs to reform the American society, improve lives and fight poverty in America. Although the Progressive and New Deal Era had many similarities, there were still differences between them that included the views of what needed to be done. Both the Progressive and the New Deal Era’s main goals were to improve the American society. Both the Progressive and New Deal’s accomplishments were rootedRead MoreAnalysis Of Olympe De Gouges Declaration Of The Rights Of Woman1595 Words   |  7 Pagesrevolution. The first phase, the Liberal Revolution, is generally characterized as possessing progressive attitudes toward gender relations and middle-class ideals. Also, it often included spontaneous rioting and craziness which included many women in the popular insurrections. In 1791, the â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen† echoed many of the ideals of the Enlightenment. This progressive document helped further the rights for many and pushed forward the agenda of equal rights; howeverRead MoreThe Age Of Women s Rights1192 Words   |  5 Pages The unfulfillment as an incomplete modern woman is secondly showed in her passive ways in handling marital problems. Daisy still holds the traditional concept of marriage. There were many double standards between man and women in marriage in that era. The distinct one is that man can have lovers besides his wife, while women can not do that. Being a victim of the patriarchal society, Daisy accepts the double standards, and hears all the bitterness in her heart. Being a member of the middle classRead MoreEssay about Interpreting American Progressivism2954 Words   |  12 PagesProgressivism The period referred to as the Progressive Era in American history is one which historians often disagree over, and as in all areas of history, there are many theories surrounding the era which sometimes contradict each other. Historians are always aware of prominent theories within the field, and they often participate in an ongoing dialogue concerning their research. One of the first historians to make a major mark regarding the Progressive Era was Richard Hofstadter in his book The AgeRead MoreCondorcet And Hobbes Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesPerhaps one of the most notable similarities between Condorcet and Hobbes’ theories is the idea that humanity is relatively unchanging. Living during the Enlightenment era, Condorcet and Hobbes were surrounded by intellectuals studying the natural phenomena that governs the world. With the emergence of the scientific method and more rationally based knowledge, people began identifying and understanding natural patters more effective ly. Consequently, Hobbes and Condorcet applied these scientific principles

The American Military Government in Germany during World Free Essays

The World War II was a significant chapter in the history of Germany. It was a global military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. It brought considerable changes in the geographical, social and economic aspects of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Military Government in Germany during World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Germany’s main allies in the war were Japan and Italy, while the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union were on the opposite side. The World War II had a devastating impact on Japan, one of Germany’s main allies. The outcome of the war resulted in the division of Germany into four military occupation zones. â€Å"France was given the charge of southwest, while the British forces controlled the northeast. The Soviet forces assumed the control of the east and a US military government was established in the south† . The main objective of the allied forces was to end the Nazism in Germany and put the country on the way to democracy. Although four military occupation zones were created after the end of World War II, the US military government in Germany had begun its work in 1994. Background of the US Military Government in Germany The plan to establish a military government in Germany began much earlier. â€Å"Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the officials of the Department of State in the United States, began their assessment on the post-war initiatives. They believed that the United States would have a decisive influence on the peace settlement and post-war construction activities† . It was very clear from the beginning that the US Army had to face difficult tasks of governing war-ravaged Germany. The leaders and troops of the United States were called upon to deal with a series of challenges in political, social, economical and financial affairs besides maintaining law and order in the country. â€Å"The State Department set up its first research unit for the preparation of post-war foreign policy. The unit was known as the Division of Special Research. Economist Leo Pasvolsky led the research unit† . When the United States entered the war in 1941, the unit began developing a comprehensive planning and policy development strategy. The strategy addressed the key problems to be experienced by the military government in Germany and Japan. Foundation of the Military Government The military government established in Germany during World War II performed elementary functions such as relieving the tactical troops of concerns and carrying out customary and legal obligations of a military occupation. It formulated a national policy in order to serve a range of political, social and economic purposes. The primary objective of the military government was to ensure stability in the war-torn Germany. It also had the aim of undertaking necessary measures for the benefit of people. â€Å"The occupation of Germany by the US military forces began on September 15, 1944, when a small town called Roetgen on the German-Belgian border was detached by Detachment D8B1† . D8B1 was a civil affairs detachment. It was trained to work in liberated territories. â€Å"The military detachments finally entered Germany on September 28, 1944 with Detachment I4G2 taking control of Monschau near Roetgen. Aachen, the western province in Germany was captured within a few weeks and Detachment F1G2 was installed there† . F1G2 was designed to administer cities and territories around them. The military government detachments were organized in England and in the United States. The â€Å"E† detachments were the largest ones. â€Å"Each â€Å"E† detachment had twenty-six officers and thirty-five enlisted men. Those detachments were designed to take over the government of all German states. They were also assigned the supervision of other detachments â€Å"F† and â€Å"I† that were installed within them† . The smallest detachments were the â€Å"H† and â€Å"I† detachments. â€Å"H detachments had five officers and ten enlisted men, while the â€Å"I† detachments had four officers and six enlisted men† . The small detachments had been assigned the control of rural districts and small municipalities. Although only a small part of Germany could be brought under control of the US military forces, the occupation laid the foundation of the military government in Germany. Officers of the US Military Government The US military government in Germany was a result of effective planning and training for years. â€Å"The training of the military government officers and enlisted men began at the Military Government School, Charlottesville, Virginia in 1942. The military government officers who were sent to Germany were the product of service schools and they were more efficient than other army personnel in the United States† . The average age of the officers, who joined the military government was forty years. They comprised of both in-service officers and civilians. Most officers had long experience in handling civilian work. They had expertise in law, teaching, engineering, police or social work. They were trained and well-prepared to run the military government in Germany. Advancement of the US Military Government in Germany When the first detachment moved into Germany in 1944, many people had doubt on the success of the mission. A lot of groundwork was done to convince people about the real objective of the mission. â€Å"The Moscow Foreign Ministers conference held in October 1943 had decided that the entire German territory would be occupied and put under the control of the military government. The European Advisory Commission (EAC) was created for determining the boundaries of the zones and devising control machinery for the proper administration† . When the military detachments entered Germany, they did not have any approved guidance or policy. After entering the German territory, they were given instructions from the US government. The military government detachments had many things to do in the field. â€Å"The military government appointed mayors and administrators. Registration of people was done on a priority basis. To restore law and order in the cities, curfews had to be enforced† . After the occupation of the territory, the military government experienced another problem of providing food and ration to the affected people. Food supplies and rationing systems were organized. Weapons and other prohibited articles were seized by the military government. The military government felt the need for adequate public health and safety for the people and Germany and made necessary arrangements on that regard. The war had devastated building and other public utilities. The military government tried its best to restore those utilities and operate them. The public utilities included schools, medical units and public transport system. The military government realized that it had to maintain a balance between the Nazis and common German people. While it had to deal with the Nazis, militarists and racists with an iron hand, it also had to restore faith among people about its mission and objectives. The World War II brought the German economy to a standstill. The Nazis disappeared with the retreating German troops. However, they left a series of problems to be handled by the military government. The US military government in Germany took tough measures against Nazis and Nazi sympathizers. At the same time, it focused on construction and rehabilitation measures. â€Å"Aachen was a strategic point for the US military forces. That served as the gateway to the occupation of whole German territory. When the Battle of the Bulge took place with German Ardennes offensive, the civilians became terror-stricken† . The military government officials properly maintained the concentration camps and ensured that the civilians were least affected by the horror of the war. The US military government in Germany even recruited some prisoners of war as policemen. Their job was to restore law and order and ensure safety of people and their properties. Throughout the battle, the US troops and supplies passed through the occupied areas without any hindrance. The military government had organized the occupation. It also demonstrated tactical moves in critical situation. â€Å"By April 1945, the US Sixth and Twelfth Army groups held the entire assigned US zone in the German territory. They also captured additional areas in German territory. It was the peak time for the military government to spearhead its detachments. The â€Å"H† and â€Å"I† detachments advanced with the front line troops by removing Nazi officials. Nazi officials were replaced by non-Nazis. â€Å"E†, â€Å"F† and â€Å"G† detachments established themselves in the occupied cities† . â€Å"By the end of March 1945, at least 150 detachments were deployed in Germany. That was almost two-thirds of the military government strength† . In April, the military government exhausted its allotments of trained detachments. It resorted to organizing provisional detachments using anti-aircraft artillery, field artillery and signal personnel. After crossing the Rhine River, the military government undertook another responsibility of rehabilitating the displaced persons. There were over five million liberated prisoners of war. They belonged to France, Belgium, Holland, Russia, Poland and Yugoslavia and were detained by the Nazi forces of Germany. â€Å"The displaced people were to be taken care of by the UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). The UNRRA did not have adequate manpower or the resources to carry out the responsibility efficiently. Hence, the military government took the charge of the displaced people† . Those people were victims of Nazi tyranny and German aggression. They were provided all the basic amenities such as food, clothes and houses by the military government. Their safety and security was the main concern of the military government. â€Å"The displaced people from Western Europe were sent home. However, the Russians and the Poles were not received by their respective governments. Thus, they became long-term guests of the military government† . The Governance of the US Military Government The American military government in Germany was a result of the America foreign policy. The US government did not want an administration failure in Germany that would complicate its position on the global arena. The US government knew that its military government in Germany was sitting over hunger, chaos and confusion. It also did not want to manage an expensive overseas operation. However, it was well-aware of its responsibilities and the strategic importance of installing the military government in Germany. The US government provided financial and material assistance to the military occupation forces. It also provided relief and rehabilitation supplies from Germany to countries that were devastated by Nazi aggression. The US military government in Germany was provided a free hand to undertake relief and rehabilitation measures. Germany was used by the US military government as a main center to pass relief materials to the war-affected countries. The Handbook Implementation The German Country Unit founded by the United States had the writing of a military government handbook for Germany. It was believed that the handbook was the only document for the working military government officers. â€Å"The handbook was comprehensive and incorporated all guidelines required for good governance. The German Country Unit worked on the handbook. The final draft was distributed within SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force) and to civil agencies in Washington and London† . The handbook was different from the standard policy and procedures. It dealt with all the military government problems anticipated before the German occupation. The main objective of the handbook was to save the work-load of the military government officials and protect them from stressful procedures and policies in German conditions. â€Å"The first section of the handbook provided descriptions of the probable conditions in Germany and working procedures of the military government. The second section was the heart of the handbook. It contained chapters on the twelve primary civil affairs and military government functions. The third section contained basic information on the Supreme Commander’s proclamation, ordinances and laws† . â€Å"The proclamation was addressed to the people of Germany in the name of General Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of Allied Expeditionary Forces. It declared the Supreme Commander’s authority on the legislative, judicial and executive power within the occupied German territory† . The proclamation also suspended German courts and educational institutions. It required all officials and public employees not to relinquish their posts until further notice. The first three ordinances made under the Handbook were very controversial. â€Å"The first ordinance defined crimes against the Allied Forces punishable by death. There were nineteen crimes that came under the list. The second ordinance established military government courts in Germany under the supervision of the US officials. The third ordinance made English the official language of military government† . â€Å"The laws were divided into two classes. One set of laws were necessary to establish and maintain military government control. Another set of law was to deal with National Socialism. The fundamental Nazi laws and their subsidiary decrees were abrogated† . Any interpretation of German law in accordance with Nazi doctrine was prohibited. There were other laws that abolished the National Socialist Party and the use of its symbols. Functioning of the US Military Government According to the war veterans, the US military government in Germany was better than the British and French military administrations. When the military government was planned to be established in Germany, its main objective was to convert enemies into friends. However, at a later stage, the focus was shifted to obtain co-operation of people, minimize fear and suspicion among them and change the attitude of ordinary Germans towards the US and its allies. â€Å"In August 1944, the Civil Affairs Division proposed a post-surrender directive, which had the goal of maintaining a firm and humane administration. The directive provided specific guidelines to the government on key issues. Those key issues included destroying Nazism and Fascism, preserving law and order and restoring normalcy among people† . The economic policy of the military government focused on preventing the inflation rate from growing up further. The war had a negative impact on the country’s economy and it was heading for a financial crisis. The Nazis cared a little about the economic stability in the country. They always pursued their own agenda and prosecuted people who did not abide by the rules defined by them. Price control was another important task to be handled by the military government in Germany. The military government focused on controlling prices, reducing unemployment and providing emergency relief and housing facilities to people. The war generated a large scale of unemployment in the country as many offices, administrative bodies, basic utilities, public and private properties and business establishments were either closed or destroyed. Providing employment to people was one of the difficult tasks performed by the military government. It did its level best to include Germans in the construction, rehabilitation and other administration work. Key US Policies â€Å"The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) 1067 was an approved US policy for the post-war Germany. It was a comprehensive document that focused on three important issues. Those were denazification, demilitarization and decentralization† . Some of the top officials in the US and in Germany had reservation on the implementation of JCS 1067. According to them, the policy did not have a clear idea of the conditions in Germany asked for a few changes that would make it flexible. Germany had political hegemony in Europe because of its military and financial capabilities. However, the war completely reversed its position on the global forum. Throughout the war, people in Germany lived under fear and horror. The military government was assigned a nearly impossible task of organizing the people of Germany and motivating them to join the mainstream without fear and suspicion. â€Å"In 1942, President Roosevelt maintained that governing civilians was a civilian task and it was endorsed y his successor, President Harry S Truman. In 1945, Truman declared that the military should not have governmental responsibilities† . He believed that the military must perform only military operations. Despite all the arguments and debates, the military government stayed in Germany for a long time. Detachments were distributed across all of the US zones and major parts of other zones of the Allied Force. â€Å"The governments of the US, Britain and France negotiated for the establishment of quadripartite control. However, the Russians did not agree to the proposal and made it clear that they would not enter into any agreement unless they had full possession of their assigned zone† . In the absence of a consensus, JCS 1067 remained an exclusive US policy. Problems Faced by the Military Government The establishment of the US military government in Germany was intended to serve the real purpose of people. However, the military government had to face several problems to implement its key policies. While expanding its base through the German territory, the military government had observed large stretches of unplowed and unplanted fields. At the same time, it was estimated that there might not be enough food stocks in Germany to maintain the people for a long period. â€Å"As the agriculture of the country had been destroyed to a large extent, the military government imported thousands of tons of seeds. It also released Wehrmacht horses for farm work. The military government also set up farm machinery to repair shops† . Priority was given to plantation, as food production was very essential for the war-ravaged nation. However, the seeds could not be sown in time because of the continued warfare and the yield was likely to be reduced. At least 60 to 70 percent of the SHAEF-occupied territory was not agriculturally self-sufficient. With the limited food production, it was not possible to sustain the German population for a long time. The military government was determined to prevent a serious problem like starvation. It provided small quantity of food materials to people so that enough food could be stored for their future use. â€Å"In June 1945, the SHAEF imported 650,000 tons of wheat for Germany. Besides food, the possibility of a firewood shortage also became a concern for the military government. In July 1945, the military government urged the Germans to cut and store firewood for the coming winter† . There were several basic problems faced by German people in the wake of the World War II and foreign occupation. The US military government in Germany took effective measures to address all the problems. The Military Government laws excluded Nazi party members from both private and public employment. As a result, the military government offices were overwhelmed with loads of work. The military government asked the business establishments to purify themselves. That made the task of the military government much difficult. â€Å"Many business owners and managers changed their job titles and made deals to hide their real identity from the military government. When the law took effect, military government property offices became trustees for thousands of establishments† . â€Å"During the process of denazification, the Germans were given a crash course in democracy. Orders were given to the German state governments to write election codes. The military district commands were asked to prepare for election to be held in future. Investigations were carried out to identify the potential candidates in future elections and their antecedents† . The voters had to be registered after proper examination as the elimination of Nazis and other ineligible people was very crucial from the military government’s point of view. Military Government Courts â€Å"Military government courts were established in Germany in September 1944. They had a significant impact on the democratization of the German people. The military government courts addressed key issues such as civil rights, privileges and immunities† . An independent judiciary was available to dispense impartial justice according to law. The US military occupation courts had a long experience in dealing with major occupations. Hence, they did not face major hurdles in Germany. Their main objective was to maintain law and order and protect the interests of the occupying force. Major changes were implemented during the World War II planning for Germany. The German judiciary was reduced to an institution of corrupt practice because of the policies of the Nazi regime and disturbances during the five years of war. It was no longer a trusted institution for the people in Germany. The US military government acknowledged the need for the reconstruction of a denazified German judicial system based on democratic principles. A more elaborate system of military courts was established. Those courts had the goal of brining substantial changes in the judicial functioning besides performing the traditional functions. â€Å"The judicial procedures followed in the military government courts were a combination of the US Army court martial, the German legal system and the Anglo-American system† . The entire judicial process witnessed complete innovative ideas. In the beginning, the courts did not have enough lawyers and had to be manned by officers who were not legally trained. Later it was made mandatory for all the intermediate and general courts to have at least one lawyer. â€Å"The ordinance promulgated by the US military government provided certain fundamental rights to all persons appearing before these courts. Details of those rights were printed on the reverse side of every court summon† . All the accused were given a fair chance to be present at their trial to examine or cross-examine the witnesses. â€Å"Between 1944 and 1945, 343 military government courts had tried more than 15 thousand cases in the US zone† . The US military government courts helped the military government to win the trust of the German people. The promulgation of ordinances failed to delight the average German. However, the court procedures provided them the opportunity to test their fundamental rights and judge themselves whether those rights provided them real protection or not. Roadmap for the Future The military government considered denazification and democratization of Germany as its ultimate goal. It prepared its officers and enlisted men to stay longer in Germany even after the end of war. It feared an uprising against the occupation. The military government asked its detachments to warn all German officials that they and their people would be responsible for any revolt against the United States forces. The military government knew that it would be difficult to suppress any future rebellion launched by hungry and displaced people. It made adequate arrangements to prevent starvation and provide necessary help to people in the bitter winter cold. â€Å"The State Department made specific policies in Germany and the military government administered that policy. The American military government moved quickly to establish the agencies as per the Potsdam agreement. The American military government created German central administrations headed by German state secretaries. The proposal was first made in the Allied Control Council (ACC) and was implemented later. The secretaries performed functions under the general directives of the ACC† . The US Military government began recruited German personnel for the central agencies. There were several functioning areas for the Agencies. They included finance, transport, communications, international trade and agriculture. Identifying efficient German personnel was not an easy task as the military government was determined to remove Nazis from the system. â€Å"A ministerial collection center in Kassel was established. At the collection center, personnel, records and documents related to the central agencies were assembled† . The military government desired to reduce its day-by-day supervision of German affairs by establishing central German administrations. It prepared for the transition from military to civilian control. â€Å"Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lucius D. Clay planned to transform the military government to a civilian organization by July 1, 1946. The United States Forces European Theater (USFET) document outlined a plan for administrative reorganization and prepare for the ultimate transfer of military government to the US civilian agencies† . Conclusion There is no doubt that the World War II brought significant changes in the social and political structure of Germany. There was a desperate attempt made by the Allied Forces to completely eliminate Nazism from Germany. The autocratic Nazi regime forced the world into a deadly and expensive war. Military governments by occupation forces usually fail to win the trust of the common people. However, situation in Germany was completely different. The US military government in Germany did an excellent job in maintaining law and order and providing food, relief materials and shelter to the affected and displaced people. While they severely punished the Nazis and their sympathizers, they provided every possible help to the civilians who wanted to see their country on the right track. Germany’s democratic development was greatly influenced by the American military government during the World War II. Bibliography: Abzug, Robert H. (1985). Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Oxford University Press, 192 p. Ambrose, Stephen E. (1967). Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945; the Decision to Halt at the Elbe. New York: W. W. Norton, 119 p. Ambrose, Stephen E. (1970). The Supreme Commander; the War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Garden City, N. Y. , Doubleday, 732 p. Baird, Jay W. (1974). The Mythical World of Nazi War Propaganda, 1939-1945. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 329 p. Balfour, Michael L. (1979). Propaganda in War, 1939-1945: organisations, policies, and publics, in Britain and Germany. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul, 520 p. Dallek, Robert. (1979). Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 671 p. Eisenberg, Carolyn. (1996). Drawing the Line: the American Decision to Divide Germany, 1944-1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 522 p. Hoffmann, Peter. (1996). The History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 853 p. Neillands, Robin. (2001). The Bomber War: The Allied Air Offensive Against Nazi Germany. The Overlook Press, 448 p. Perret, Geoffrey. (1991). There’s a War to be Won: the United States Army in World War II. New York: Random House, 623 p. Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U. S. strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 380 p. Van Creveld, Martin. (1982). Fighting Power: German and US Army Performance, 1939-1945. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 198 p. Weigley, Russell. (1973). The American Way of War; a History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. New York: Macmillan, 584 p. Winkler, Alan M. (1978). The Politics of Propaganda: the Office of War Information, 1942-1945 New Haven: Yale University Press, 240 p. Wolfe, Robert. (1984). Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944-1952. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. How to cite The American Military Government in Germany during World, Papers

Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay Example For Students

Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay Works Cited A Condemned Mans Last Bequest. People 6 February, 1989 p. 44-51. Gerdes, Louise. Serial Killers. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc.2000. Knappaman, Edward W. Great American Trials. Detroit: New England Publishing, Associates, Inc. 1994. Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay. He was also very charming and handsome to the ladies, which made it easier to prey on them. He admitted to killing over twenty people just before his execution. Many families were relieved when he was finally executed. Ted Bundy thought of himself as very smart, because he was able to outsmart the authorities multiple times throughout the years of being a serial killer ( Gerdes 41). His victims of choice were young, college age, women ( Gerdes 128). He was in Colorado, on trial, for the brutal murder of a twenty-three year old woman. He used his intelligent mind to escape the prison. He went on and made his way to Florida for no apparent reason. He went to the Chi Omega House at Florida State University and unleashed his wrath on some of the students. He killed one student named Lisa Leavy. He also injured a couple other students severely. One and a half hours later, just after visiting the Chi Omega House, Ted killed another student just six blocks away. Later, the police were trying to pull him over for a minor traffic violation when he fled causing them to chase him. Shortly, they realized he was in a car stolen from near the Chi Omega House. Just days before he killed a twelve year old girl. They finally caught him and he was arrested. After the Chi Omega incident two students dropped out and one committed suicide Bundy acted as his own attorney, and was also very good at it (Gerdes 128). He made himself look innocent through just about anything the authorities threw at him. Bundy helped himself out by saying he had been badly represented by counsel (A Condemned 49). The authorities believed he had killed at least forty people, but it was very hard to prove it. Dentists analyzed bite marks on one of the Chi Omegas victims buttocks, and compared them to an oversized picture of Bundys teeth (Knappaman 655). It was determined that there was a considerable amount of similarities, and it was used against Ted as evidence. This was the first hard evidence the authorities had against him in the trial. He sensed danger of being convicted and tried his best to cover it up, but failed. The police also innocent found knotted panty hose like those used to strangle previous victims at the Chi Omega House. They had finally found an eyewitness who was named Nita Neary, which helped a great deal. They finally proved him guilty with this evidence. After his conviction Bundy admitted to killing about twenty people, which included Debi Kent on November 8, 1974, and Nancy Wilcox on October 7, 1974. On July 23, 1978, Ted was found guilty on multiple charges (Knappaman 655). Later on in 1979, he was sentenced to death. He received his third death sentence on February 12, 1980, following his conviction of killing Kimberly Leach. He was convicted of three separate murders and sentenced to death in Starke, Florida, so other states did not pursue any further charges. At age forty two on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was executed by electric chair in Starke, Florida. Bundy was a sick man. He had some sort of bad problem, and decided to take it out on innocent victims. Some students had their entire lives changed in ways they had never even thought of. When he was executed, it didnt make all the pain and suffering go away, but it helped out greatly. .